THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

Defense Mechanisms
 Adaptive Immunity
Immunity that an organism develops during
lifetime
Develops after exposure to antigens
Invovles the activity of lymphocytes
Includes 3rd line of defense
 Adaptive Immunity (Specific immunity)

Specificity

Memory

Ability to distinguish b/w self

vs non-self

T and B cell
 Types of Adaptive Immunity

1. Antibody-Mediated Immunity (AMI) or

Humoral Immunity
B lymphocytes

2. Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI) or Cellular

Immunity
T lymphocytes

Note: B and T cells ..blood, lymph, lymphoid

tissues such as spleen, lymph nodes etc.
Lymphocyte Formation
 CHECKPOINT

1. What are the two main types of

lymphocytes?
2. What is an antigen? Name some examples.
 Cell-Mediated Immune Response

T cells

Immune resoponse to infected cells

( viruses, bacteria and parasites (Pathogens) within
cells)

Defense against cancer and transplant cells

Chapter 21, Immune System 8

 T-Lymphocytes

Helper T cells secrete CYTOKINES

help B cells Tc cells to divide
Cytotoxic T cells (killer T cells)
Kill infected body cells
Memory T cells
remain in body
 How do T cells know a cell is
infected?
Infected cells digest some pathogens and MHC
proteins carry pieces to cell surface
Antigen Presenting Cell (APC)
Alerts Helper T cells

MHC proteins displaying

infected
cell foreign antigens

TH cell

T cell with
antigen receptors
 MHC Proteins

MHC proteins,mark a cell as self

The two classes of MHC proteins are:
Class I MHC proteins found on virtually all body cells
Class II MHC proteins found on certain cells in the
immune response

Chapter 21, Immune System 11

Macrophages
 Antigen-Presenting Cells
B cells
Dendritic cells
macrophages
 Helper T Cells (TH)
bind to other white blood cells that have
previously encountered an antigen
stimulate proliferation of other T cells
Stimulate B cells that have already become bound
to antigen
Without TH, there is no immune response

Chapter 21, Immune System 14

The central role of Helper T Cells (Boss)

Figure 21.17a
Chapter 21, Immune System 15
 Cytotoxic T Cell (Tc)

Destroys infected body cells

binds to target cell
secretes perforin protein
punctures cell membrane of infected cell
apoptosis

Chapter 21, Immune System 16

 Cytotoxic T cells
Destroys infected body cells
binds to target cell
secretes perforin protein
punctures cell membrane of infected cell
apoptosis

Killer T cell
binds to
infected cell

infected cell
destroyed
Cytotoxic T cell

Accessory
protein Antigen
Class I MHC receptor
molecule

Infected
cell
Antigen
1 fragment
Cytotoxic T cell

Accessory
protein Antigen
Class I MHC receptor Perforin
Gran-
molecule zymes
Pore
Infected
cell
Antigen
1 fragment 2
The killing action of
cytoxic T cells on
an infected host
cell.

Cytotoxic T cell Released

cytotoxic
T cell

Accessory
protein Antigen Dying
receptor Perforin infected cell
Class I MHC Gran-
molecule zymes
Pore
Infected
cell
Antigen
1 fragment 2 3
CMI

Figure 23.11 (1 of 2)
 HIV & AIDS
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
virus infects and destroys helper T cells
helper T cells dont activate rest of immune system: killer T
cells & B cells
AIDS: Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome
infections by opportunistic
diseases
death usually from
opportunistic infections
pneumonia, cancers
HIV infected T cell
ANTIBODY-MEDIATED (HUMORAL) IMMUNITY

targets extracellular microorganisms (Bacteria

and viruses circulating in the blood)

B-lymphocytes (B cells). Antibodies

Antibodies extracellular fluids and surface of B

cells
Antigen-presenting Pathogen
cell Antigen
fragment

Class II
MHC
molecule Accessory
protein
Antigen
receptor

Helper T cell
1
Antigen-presenting Pathogen
cell Antigen B cell
fragment

Class II
MHC
molecule Accessory
protein Cytokines
Antigen
receptor

Activated
Helper T cell helper T cell
1 2
Antigen-presenting Pathogen
cell Antigen B cell
fragment

Class II Memory B cells

MHC
molecule Accessory
protein Cytokines
Antigen
receptor

Activated
Helper T cell helper T cell Plasma cells
Secreted
1 2 3 antibodies
Antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity = AMI

1- Macrophages phagocytize
a pathogen and present an
antigen to a matching helper-
T cell
2- At the same time, some
pathogens contact B-cells
matching the pathogens
antigens
The helper-T cells multiply,
secrete lymphokines which
stimulate the B-cells to
multiply and specialize into
plasma cells
The plasma cells secretes
antibodies
 The Nature of Antibodies

Globular proteins called immunoglobulins

Basic antibody structure has 4 polypeptide chains
2 identical light chains
2 identical heavy chains
Regions of heavy and light chains
Variable
Constant
 Antibody Molecule
antigen binding sites

antigen

light chains heavy chains

 Immunoglobin Classes
IgM
1st response to antigen IgD
Cant cross placenta B cell activation
Cant cross placenta
IgG
Most common form IgE
Crosses placenta Histamine
(passive immunity to
reactions and
fetus)
allergies (mast
IgA cells, basophils)
Secreted from mucus
membranes
In colostrum
First and second exposures to a pathogen
Role of the antibodies
The classical compliment pathway,
resulting in lysis of a target cell
 Types of Immunity
Active Immunity
Natural active immunity - acquired due to infection
Artificial active immunity vaccination
Passive Immunity
Natural passive immunity
placenta to the fetus
Colostrum
Artificial passive immunity
Injection of immune serum
 Types of
Acquired
Immunity
 Immune system Disorders
Allergies
Allergies are exaggerated (hypersensitive) responses to
antigens called allergens

Allergens. antigens

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

QUESTIONS PLEASE

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