1

1.1 1.11
1.2 1.12
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8

1.9 Intel core i7
1.10
1.1

1 3
1.1

1980
1.
1980
1990
1990

3.
1990
2.

1 4


(Personal computers, PCs)

(servers)

1 5

(embedded computers)

1 6

(personal mobile device, PMD)


(apps)

(Warehouse Scale Computers, WSCs)
(Cloud Computing)

1 7

19601970





C Java

1 8








1951

1 9





()

1 10


(

)

1 11
1.2
1.
IC 18 24

2.


(abstraction)

1 12
1.2
3.




4.

5. (pipelining)

1 13
1.2
6. (prediction)

7. (hierarchy of
memories)

8.

1 14
1.3


(interprete)(translate)

1.3


(operating system)

1 15
1.3

1 16

(binary
digit)(bit)
(instruction)

(assembler)

add A,B 1000110010100000
(high-level programming languages)
(assembly language)(machine
language)1.4

1 17
1.4 C

1 18
1.4

1 19
1.4

1.5

1 20
1.5

1 21
1.5
1.10


1951 (vacuum tube) 1
1965 35
1975 900
1995 2,400,000
2013 (Ultra large-scale) 250,000,000,000
1.10
Computer MuseumBoston2013

1 22
 1.5
1.11 1977

1.11 DRAM
y kibibits (210 bits)DRAM 20
60%

1 23
1.5
1.12 1.12

20 40

(1.13)




(1.9)
20
17 (
)
(
yield)17/2085%






1 24
1.6

(response time)
(execution
time)
(throughput)
(bandwidth)

1 25


1.
2.

1 26


1 2


2

1 27
1.6
X
1
X =
X

X YX Y
X > Y
1 1
>
X Y
Y > X

1 28
1.6
X Y n X Yn
X
=
Y

X Y
= =
Y X

1 29
1.6

(elapsed time)


(CPU
execution time CPU time)



(user CPU time)
(system CPU time)
1 30
1.6
(system performance)

(CPU performance)


(clock period)
(clock rate)

1 31


1 32




=
(clock cycles per instruction)
CPI

1 33


CPI

1 34


1 35


CPI IPC


IPC=2 CPI=0.5

1 36
1.7



0/1
1
2
2

1
2
2

1 37
1.7
15%
20 5V 1V

40%

1 38


1 39
1.8
1.17

2002
2006

1 40
1.17 1980
SPECint (1.10 )VAX 11/780 1980
25%
52%1980 52%
25% 2002
2002
22%
1 41
1.8








(balance the load)
(reduce communication and
synchronization overhead)

1 42
1.8


2.10
3.6

4.10
5.10 (memory
hierarchy)
5.11

1 43
1.8

1 44
1.9 Intel Core i7

1 45
SPEC



(benchmarks)

1 46
SPEC
SPEC(System Performance
Evaluation Cooperative)


1989 SPEC SPEC89
SPEC CPU2006
12 (CINT2006)17
(CFP2006)

1 47
SPEC
SPEC
12
SPECratio ()
(geometric mean)

1 48
SPEC
SPEC
SPECpower 10%

SPEC
ssj_

1 49
1.10


(fallacies)

(pitfalls)

1 50
1.10


Amdahls


= +

(The law of diminishing returns)

1 51
1.10

MIPS (million instructions per

second)

MIPS =
105
MIPS
MIPS
1 52
1.10

MIPS

MIPS

1 53
1.11



(instruction set architecture)

1 54
1.11

1 55
1.12

1 56