Electron Transport and

Oxidative Phosphorylation
It all reduces down to water.
 Mitochondria
outer membrane relatively permeable
inner membrane permeable only to those
things with specific transporters
Impermeable to NADH and FADH2
Permeable to pyruvate
Compartmentalization
Kreb's and -oxidation in matrix
Glycolysis in cytosol
 Most energy from Redox
electrons during metabolic reactions sent to
NAD and FAD
Glycolysis
In cytosol
produces 2 NADH
Pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction
In mitochondrial matrix
2 NADH / glucose
Krebs
In mitochondrial matrix
6 NADH and 2 FADH2 / glucose
 Electron Transport Chain
Groups of redox proteins
On inner mitochondrial membrane
Binding sites for NADH and FADH2
On matrix side of membrane
Electrons transferred to redox proteins
NADH reoxidized to NAD+
FADH2 reoxidized to FAD
 4 Complexes
proteins in specific order
Transfers 2 electrons in specific order
Proteins localized in complexes
Embedded in membrane
Ease of electron transfer
Electrons ultimately reduce oxygen to water
2 H+ + 2 e- + O2 -- H2O
Electron Transport Chain
 Complex 1
Has NADH binding site
NADH reductase activity
NADH - NAD+
NADH ---> FMN--->FeS---> ubiquinone
ubiquinone ---> ubiquinone H2
4 H+ pumped/NADH
Electron Transport Chain
 Complex II

succinate ---FADubiquinone
Contains coenzyme Q
FADH2 binding site
FAD reductase activity
FADH2 -- FAD
Electron Transport Chain
 Complex III
ubiquinone - ubiquinone ox
while cyt C gets reduced
Also contains cytochromes b
proton pump 4H+
Adds to gradient
8 H+ / NADH
4 H+ / FADH2
Electron Transport Chain
 Complex IV
reduction of oxygen
cytochrome oxidase
cyt a+a3 red ---> oxidized state
oxygen ---> water
2 H+ + 2 e- + O2 -- 2 H2O
transfers e- one at a time to oxygen
Pumps 2H+ out
Total of 10 H+ / NADH
Total of 6 H+ / FADH2
 Totals
Proton gradient created as electrons
transferred to oxygen forming water
10 H+ / NADH
6 H+ / FADH2
Electron Transport Chain
 Generation of ATP
Proton dependant ATP synthetase
Uses proton gradient to make ATP
Protons pumped through channel on enzyme
From intermembrane space into matrix
~4 H+ / ATP
Called chemiosmotic theory
 Totals
NADH
10 H+ X 1 ATP = 2.5 ATP
4 H+

FADH2
6 H+ X 1 ATP = 1.5 ATP
4 H+
Total ATP from mitochondrial matrix
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
NADH .2.5 ATP
Krebs
3 NADH X 2.5 ATP/NADH .7.5 ATP
FADH2 X 1.5 ATP / FADH2.1.5 ATP
GTP X 1 ATP / GTP ..1.0 ATP
(from a separate reaction)

Total .12.5 ATP

(Per glucose = X 2 = 25 ATP)
What about NADH from glycolysis?
NADH made in cytosol
Cant get into matrix of mitochondrion
2 mechanisms
In muscle and brain
Glycerol phosphate shuttle
In liver and heart
Malate / aspartate shuttle
 Glycerol Phosphate shuttle

http://courses.cm.utexas.edu/jrobertus/ch339k/overheads-3/ch19_glycerol-shuttle.jpg
 Glycerol phosphate shuttle
In muscle and brain
Each NADH converted to FADH2 inside
mitochondrion
FADH2 enters later in the electron transport
chain
Produces 1.5 ATP
 Total ATP per glucose in muscle
and brain
Gycerol phosphate shuttle
2 NADH per glucose - 2 FADH2
2 FADH2 X 1.5 ATP / FADH2.3.0 ATP
2 ATP in glycoysis 2.0 ATP
From pyruvate and Krebs
12.5 ATP X 2 per glucose ..25.0 ATP

Total = 30.0 ATP/ glucose

 Malate Aspartate Shuttle

http://courses.cm.utexas.edu/emarcotte/ch339k/fall2005/Lecture-Ch19-2/Slide14.JPG
 Malate Aspartate Shuttle
in cytosol
In liver and heart
NADH oxidized while reducing
oxaloacetate to malate
Malate dehydrogenase
Malate crosses membrane
 Malate Aspartate Shuttle
in matrix
Malate reoxidized to oxaloacetate
Malate dehydrogenase
NAD+ reduced to NADH
NADH via electron transport yields 2.5
ATP
 Total ATP per glucose in liver and
heart
Malate Aspartate Shuttle
2 NADH per glucose - 2 NADH
2 NADH X 2.5 ATP / NADH5.0 ATP
2 ATP from glycolysis..2.0 ATP
From pyruvate and Krebs
12.5 ATP X 2 per glucose ..25.0 ATP

Total = 32.0 ATP/ glucose

 Summary
Total ATP / glucose
Muscle and brain 30.0 ATP
Uses glycerol phosphate shuttle

Heart and liver 32.0 ATP

Uses malate aspartate shuttle