COMPOSITE CLIMATE

BY:
OMKAR, PRABHATI,
NAMRA
 COMPOSITE CLIMATE

DELHI
JAIPUR
BHOPAL
RANCHI
DEHRADUND
FARIDABAD
CHANDIGARH
SOLAR RADIATION:
very high in summer with a small fraction of diffuse radiation in monsoon,
intensity is low with predominantly diffuse radiations. in winter intensity
of diffuse radiation is higher.

RELATIVE HUMIDITY:
20 25 % in dry period and 55 95 % in wet periods.

PRECIPITATION:
500 1300 mm per year.
WINDS:
strong winds during monsoons from southeast and dry cold
winds from northeast; hot and dusty winds in summer.
CHARACTERISTICS :
Two-three seasons, one similar to hot-dry climate and another similar to
warm-wet climate and a third similar to the cold-dry climate.
Diurnal range large during dry seasons, small during winter months.
Radiation and glare vary with seasons.

PROBLEMS :
Complex climate from designers point of view and buildings should
make provisions for the conflicting hot-dry and warm-wet seasons.
Building materials weaken rapidly due to the high diurnal range.
People get acclimatized to high temperatures and so their tolerance of
cold conditions reduces.
OBJECTIVES :
The objectives set out for warm humid and hot dry climates apply to the
respective seasons of the composite climates. Additional problems are
created by the third season.

During the cold season, the temperatures are much lower than in the two
warmer seasons. Physical comfort during this season will depend on the
prevention of heat loss from the body, especially in the night.

In the warmer seasons, the heat dissipation is inadequate.

Form and Planning :

Moderately compact internal

planning of houses will be of
benefit for most of the year.
Courtyard types of building and
terraced buildings facing north-
south is suitable.

The buildings should be grouped

in such a way so as to take
advantage of the prevailing breeze
during the short period when air
movement is necessary.
 A moderately dense, low rise development is suitable for this climate
which will ensure protection of out-door spaces, mutual shading of
external walls, shelter from the wind in the cold season, shelter from the
dust and the reduction of the solar radiation of the exposed surfaces.

Houses with separate day and night rooms are suggested for the hot, dry
regions are equally good for composite climates, except that these rooms
can be used in the hottest months only. Shading of the walls is desirable.

Need for a double roof is not felt if the roof has a low transmittance value
and a good thermal capacity.

External openings require shading during the hot and the warm seasons.
ORIENTATION :
Usually north-south orientation is desired but prevailing wind in the
humid period must be considered.

EXTERNAL SPACES :
Large projecting eaves and wide verandahs are needed in the warm
humid season as outdoor living areas, to reduce the sky glare, keep out
the rain and to provide shade.
Brise-soleils, louvers and other sun breaks used to protect openings in
the hot, dry period are also advantageous in the rainy seasons serving as
protection against the rain and the wind driven spray. The shading
devices should be of low thermal capacity.
For the dry season, controlled landscape an enclosure walls are
necessary to provide protection against the dust storms and the thermal
winds.
 The courtyard is the most pleasant outdoor space for most of the year
because it excludes the wind and traps the sun. It should be designed in
such a way so as to allow sun penetration during the winter months but
provide shading during the hot season. The courtyards can also be
covered by a pergola carrying deciduous
creepers, which would provide shade in the hot season but allow sun
penetration during the winter.
Provision of outdoor sleeping is also essential.
ROOFS AND WALLS :

Roof and the external walls should

be constructed of solid masonry
or concrete to have a time lag in
heat transmission. This thermal
capacity will be of use both in the
hot, dry and the cold season.
Resistance insulation should be
used on the outer surfaces of the
external walls.
The prevention of heat entering
through the outer surfaces of the
walls and the roof is the
fundamental rule. Surfaces
exposed to the sun during the hot
and warm seasons should be light
colored/shiny polished metals.
OPENINGS, VENTILATION AND AIR-FLOW :

The orientation of openings are decided by two factors:

1. towards the prevailing breeze in the warm humid season to utilize its
cooling effect.
2. towards the sun in the cold season to utilize the heating effect of the
radiation entering through the windows.

Medium sized window openings in the opposite walls are desirable, with
solid shutters, which can be opened when cross ventilation is necessary.
CLEARSTOREY LIGHT SHELF

ATRIUM
 GENERAL SUMMARY OF COMPOSITE CLIMATE

Sl. PROBLEMS ISSUES SOLUTIONS

no
.
1. Harsh sunlight Increase of solar heat Planting deciduous
due to hot and gain (External) tree that provide
dry period shade in summer.
By court-yard design
and clustering
neighboring houses
providing shading of
outer walls.
By overhangs above
walls and windows for
shade against high
mid-day sun in
summer.
Sl. PROBLEMS ISSUES SOLUTIONS
no
.
2. Cold / Hot Decrease/ Increase By providing small
climate of heat loss. openings.

3. Reduction of heat By thermal insulation

Thermal transmission to of roof, (in summer:
insulation in interior in summer, additional
hot/ cold decrease of heat placements of hay
climate. loss in winter bundles of roof.)
Sl. PROBLEMS ISSUES SOLUTIONS
no
.
4. Chilly Winters Decrease of heat loss By Shelter from wind
and in winter. due to compact
Dusty winds. design.

5 Temperature
Extreme climatic fluctuation. Balance the
condition. temperature by
providing massive
walls.
Sl. PROBLEMS ISSUES SOLUTIONS
No
.
Extreme Reduction/ By cooking outside in
climatic Increase of summer and inside in
condition. internal heat gain. winter.

By cross-ventilation
Increase/Decreas through court-yard and
e of heat loss. high level openings in
summer.
By elevated sleeping
areas during monsoon.
By thermal insulation of
walls.
By evaporative cooling
through sprinkling of
water and transpiration
of tree.
CASE STUDIES:

1) DILWARA BAUGH,GURGAON.
2) BIDANI HOUSE,FARIDABAD.
DILWARA HOUSE,GURGAON.
PLANNING:

Planning of the house is a

combination of traditional Indian
courtyard house with the western
prairie house.
House is a ground floor unit with
a living, dining, kitchen & 3
bedrooms around the courtyard.
Verandahs and gazebos are
provided around the bedrooms.
A swimming pool is provided in
courtyard adjoining the dining
area
central courtyard with pool
enables cross-ventilation for all
rooms and cooling by
evaporation.
ELEVATIONAL TRATMENT:

SOUTH ELEVATION:
It is kept exposed to the winter sun
to allow maximum sunlight and
shaded in summer with overhangs
and louvers.

NORTH ELEVATION:
North side elevation is mostly
covered with earth berms for
having optimum day lighting.

EAST AND WEST ELEVATION:

The east and west elevations are
kept exposed with overhangs.
LANDSCAPING:

House was built on a farmland which was transformed into a garden.

The earth berms were formed by excavating the land which formed a
lake. This lake acts as a central visual element of the landscape design as
well as a microclimate modifier. The lake stores the water of monsoon
and is topped up by a tube well in summers.
The house is surrounded by dense vegetation and selection of tree and
shrub species is made keeping in view for obtaining variety of fruits and
natural compost.
MATERIALS:

The structural frame consists of

load bearing stone columns
which supports beams and stone
slabs to form slightly domical
enclosures over all rooms. The in
fill walls are from hand made mud
bricks.
EARTH TUNNEL AND EARTH
BERMING SYSTEMS:

The north side elevation of the house is

covered with earth berms.
The earth berms are nothing but
cladding of thick soil on top of brick
wall forming berms.
Small shrubs are planted in this berms
for thermal comfort.
An earth tunnel is provided under-
ground to have cooling effect in
summers.
BIDANI HOUSE,FARIDABAD
 BIDANI HOUSE,FARIDABA

Located in faridabad
Faridabad is located in
composite zone with very
hot and dry period of
almost two and half
months.
Hot dry period is followed
by hot humid.
Monsoon period of about
2 months.
Colder period is of
shorten time.
PLANNING IN RESPONSE TO CLIMATE
House form developed around courtyard.
A courtyard facing and opening onto north east has designed as a heat
sink.
Main living spaces wrapping around courtyard and have maximum south-
east orientation which is ideal exposure for this context.
Buffer spaces like toilets and stores are on the over heated south-western
exposure to eliminate heat gain in summer.
OTHER ASPECTS.

The three dimensional form of building is generated to eliminate or allow

solar penetration according to the seasonal changes
Local stone used as major construction material, which provides thermal
mass for attenuation of diurnal swings in temperature
Large volume spaces and their coupling with the courtyard also allow
good ventilation
COURTYARD AS A MODERATOR OF INTERNAL CLIMATE

Louvers and pergolas cut off

Unwanted radiation during
summer morning

Heat gain by direct

radiation during winter
morning
RESIDENCE FOR MADHU AND
ANIRUDH, PANCHKULA
RESIDENCE FOR MADHU AND ANIRUDH, PANCHKULA
Ar. Anant Mann and Siddhartha Wig

This small residential unit located in the

uses simple, cost-effective techniques.
City of Panchkula lies in Lower
Himalayas
Panchkula experiences very wide
climatic swings over the year hot & dry
for two and half months
Cold Period for shorter duration.
Demand of the building: to respond to
extremes-Eliminate heat gain in hot and
dry period, maximize heat gain in cold
period.
DESIGN FEATURES:

Orientation to catch winter sun and

keep away summer sun.
Proper shading and day lighting.
Solar chimney for ventilation.
Insulation for west wall.
PASSIVE SOLAR
FEATURES:

Orientation: South

Designed south shades coupled

with light shelves on South faade.

Adjacent building keeps the east

sun out

West wall is insulated with

polystyrene.
PLANNING:

Rectangular Plot with openings on

to SW
Rooms are placed around the
courtyard with master bedroom
facing south.
Living room faces North and gets
direct sunlight from court.
The R.C.C. structure is load
bearing brick with R.C.C. slab.
 Light shelves and white ceilings in the
room allow enough of day lighting in
the rooms.
There is a central evaporative cooler
above the staircase.
Sloping slab above the stairs allows
for solar heating panels or solar
photovoltaic panels
North face carries more light and
carries it down stairs.

Windows allow winter sun and cut off

harsh summer sun.
Mean temperature
Summer mid day :32 c _ 43c
Summer night :27c _32 c
Winter mid day: 10 c _ 25 c
Winter night :4 c _10 c
Diurnal variation :3 c _ 22 c
Monsoon mid day : 27c _32c
Monsoon night :24 c _ 27 c
MOHAND KHOL VILLAGE,DEHRADUN
LOCATION: About 15 km south-west of
dehradun
BUILDING SITE: Slightly sloping terrain in a
wood
TYPE OF BUILDING: Single storey house
OCCUPANTS:2 adults,3 children
LIVESTOCK:3 cows
BUILDING MATERIALS
FLOORS: Compacted earth with cow dung
finish
WALLS: Local pole timber and brushwood
,plastered with mud
ROOFS: Pole timber substructure and thatch
 SOUTH ELEVATION

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

 SECTION

WALL DETAIL