PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY

BY Leelambar singh
(MT15ENV008)
ENV ENGG 2nd sem
 Introduction
The pulp and paper industry is one of the
oldest industries in our country.
The paper mill use the pulp as raw material,
which is again produced utilizing different
cellulose materials like wood, bamboo etc in
the pulp mill.
 The pulp and paper mill waste characteristiclly
contain high COD and color; the presence of
Lignin in the waste, which is derived from the
raw cellulose materials and is not easily
biodegradable, make the COD/BOD ratio
high.

Polluiton potential
Paper mill are Negligible as compare
to pulp mill
 Manufacturing Process and the
Soruces of the Waste
Pulp making
Making of final product of paper

Kraft process(sulphate process) - conversion of

wood into wood pulp, Pulping aims to separate
cellulose fibers from the wood structure
 Characterostics of th pulp and paper
mill waste
Kraft process for pupling produce a waste
volume in the range 225-320 m3per tonne of
paper manufactured
Generally the pulp and paper mill wastes are
characterised by very strong colour, high BOD,
high suspended solids, and high COD/BOD
ratio
Waste of Volume depend upon size of plant
and chemical compostion
 Table 1.1 Characteristics of the combined
effluent of the pulp and pape mills.
Item Small Mill Large Mill
Produce 20 tonnes of Produces 2000 tones of
paper/day paper/per day
Flow per day 330 m3/tonne 222 m3/tonne
Colour - 7800 units
pH 8.2-8.5 8.5-9.5
Total solids, mg/l - 4410
Suspended solids,mg/l 9020-2000 3300
COD, mg/l 3400-5780 716
BOD, mg/l 680-1250 155
COD/BOD ratio 3.9-5 4.6
 Table 1.1 Distribution of pollution load from different
section of pulp and paper mills
Item type Digester Bleaching Paper mill Section
Section Section

1. Flow % Small 45.5 16.2 10.8

Large 9.75 27.8 16.7

2. BOD % Small 66 18.4 2

Large 32.5 32.5 1.43

3. Suspended Small 60 14.5 7.75

Solids , % Large 3 1.35 3.4
 Environmental problems
Wastewater releases include chlorinated phenolics, dioxins,
furans and other chlorinated compounds, phosphates and
suspended sediments.
Paper mills also produce non-hazardous solid waste such as
sludge derived from their pulping and bleaching operations.
Effects
1.Pollution upto 80Kms, (slowly decomposing component)
2. Fine fiber often clog the water intake screen in D/S
3. toxic effect induced upon flora faunna due to sulphites &
phenols in the waste
4. Bottom deposit of Lignino-Cellulose DO depletion by
Anarobic condition and Destrution of aquatic liffe
 Pollutants in effluents
The most common organic pollutants are
suspended solids (SS):
lost cellulose fibre,
dissolved organic compounds such as dissolved lignin
compounds, carbohydrates, starch and hemi-cellulose
Acidic compounds are predominantly natural
resin acids.
Chlorinated organics (AOX) are found if
elemental chlorine is used in the process.
 Solid wastes
Dirty wood chips or fibers as well as bark.

The broken, low-quality fibres are separated

out to become waste sludge.

All the inks, dyes, coatings, pigments, staples

and "stickies" (tape, plastic films, etc.)
washed off the recycled fibres.
 Treatment of pulp & paper mills
waste
1.Recovery
Recovered form the black liquor, by
precipitation by acidulation with either carbon
dioxide or sulphuric acid (used for other
country)
Activated carbon manufacutred rom lignin,
recovered from black liquor
 2.Chemical Treatment for colour removal
(National council for stream improvement in USA)
Massive lime Treatment process capable of
removing 90% of colour and 40% to 60% of BOD
form waste. In this process lime react with colour
waste effluent,colour is absorsed by the lime &
sludge result in the formation of drak brown liqour
Massive lime treatment for colour
Removal in pulp and paper Mill
 3.Activated carbon for colour removal
Study Coducted by NEERI , observed that Acidic
Activated Carbon can remove 94% colour the pulp
and paper mill waste. pH required to be reduced to
3.0 before this activated carbon treatment .
 4.Physical treatment for clarification

Mechanically circular clrarifier alone are found to be

capable of 70-80% removal of suspended solids form
combined mill effluent.
BOD reduction only 25-40% . Surface loading rate 30-
3 m3/m2/day adequate for 79% removal of
suspended solid & 52% of COD at detention time 30
minutes.
Biological treatment of the waste
 5.Lagooning
In small mill, where the black liquor is not
treated separately for the chemical recovery,
the strong black liquor must be segregated
from the other wastes and stored in a lagoon.
The content of the lagoon may be ischarged
into the stream under favourable condition in
the mansoon.
 6.Land treatment method
Some type of soil is capable of removing
colour form the waste. The waste is stored
and allowed to be absored in such a soil. The
capability of the soil in removing the colour
depends on the cation exchange capacity of
the soil. Tn addition to this property of the soil
the same should be sufficiently permeable to
accept the entire volume of the waste
 7.Disposal of the waste by
Irrigation
The pulp mill effluent may be utilized for
irrigaion. No adverse effect on crops are
reported for crops like Maize , Paddy, Jowar
and Kenaf. Yield almost identical to that with
conventional irrigation praqctices is reported
for wheat and sugarcane(NEERI)
Thank You