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Intro to Foundation

This is the basic part of the construction process.


One of most important elements in a structure.
Foundation transfer the load into the ground.
Type of foundation depends on the ground condition.
There are mainly 2 types of foundations.
Types of foundation
Foundation
Foundation

Shallow
Shallow Deep
Deep
foundation
foundation foundation
foundation

Spread
Spread footing
footing Mat
Mat or
or Raft
Raft Caisson
Caisson
Pile
Pile foundation
foundation
foundation
foundation foundation
foundation foundation
foundation

End
End bearing
bearing
Strip
Strip footing
footing piles
piles

Pad
Pad footing
footing Friction
Friction piles
piles

Combined
Combined
footing
footing
Shallow foundation
Shallow foundations place when firm soil or ground
condition met.
The objective is to transfer the load in a wider
horizontal plain.
Generally, the width is more than the depth.
Less effort comparing to deep foundation.
2 types of shallow foundations.
Spread footing foundation
Mat or Raft foundation
Spread footing foundation
This footing is to transfer the load wider.
Load can be distributed into a wider area.

Strip footing foundation


Spread footing foundation
Pad footing foundation

Combined footing foundation


Mat or Raft foundation
Use when soil bearing capacity(SBC) is low.
Weight of the building is spread all over.
Distributed load is uniform in each and every area of
foundation.
Deep foundation
This type of foundation is used when bed rock cannot
be found in normal depth.
When Soil bearing capacity(SBC) is very poor.
There are mainly 2 types of deep foundation
Pile Foundation
Caisson foundation
Pile foundation
Piles are like column structural element.
Its function is to transfer the load passing weak strata.
When pile rests on rock, bearing capacity is high
There are 2 types of piles
Friction pile
End bearing pile
Caisson foundation
When the foundation has to be carried out very deep.
A caisson structure is basically a circular or box
shaped.
This is mostly used for bridge construction.
A caisson circular hallow structure open at top and
bottom.
Intro to Formwork
Formwork is used to get the required shape of concrete
element of a structure as a cover
It will remain in position until poured concrete get set
to sufficient strength.
Formwork is costly.
Skilled labor is required
There are commonly 2 types of material can be used,
1. Timber 2. Steel
Formwork
Type of formworks

Slab Formwork

Column Formwork

Beam Formwork
Checking on formwork
Common checking that should be taken in to
consideration
Any possible leakage
Alignment (Vertical & Horizontal)

Smooth surface

Proper supporting

Measurements
Requirements
There are some requirements for a good formwork.
Like,
Should be easy to erect and remove
Support should be strong

Joints of formwork should be stiff and strong

Surface of the formwork should be smooth.


Reference
http://www.understandconstruction.com/types-of-fo
undations.html
www.google.com
Notes
Thank you

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