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Third Edition

CHAPTER MECHANICS OF

10 MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf
Columns
Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.


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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf

Columns

Stability of Structures
Eulers Formula for Pin-Ended Beams
Extension of Eulers Formula
Sample Problem 10.1
Eccentric Loading; The Secant Formula
Sample Problem 10.2
Design of Columns Under Centric Load
Sample Problem 10.4
Design of Columns Under an Eccentric Load

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf

Stability of Structures
In the design of columns, cross-sectional area is
selected such that
- allowable stress is not exceeded
P
all
A
- deformation falls within specifications
PL
spec
AE

After these design calculations, may discover


that the column is unstable under loading and
that it suddenly becomes sharply curved or
buckles.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf

Stability of Structures

Consider model with two rods and torsional


spring. After a small perturbation,
K 2 restoring moment
L L
P sin P destabilizing moment
2 2

Column is stable (tends to return to


aligned orientation) if
L
P K 2
2
4K
P Pcr
L

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf

Stability of Structures
Assume that a load P is applied. After a
perturbation, the system settles to a new
equilibrium configuration at a finite
deflection angle.
L
P sin K 2
2
PL P

4 K Pcr sin

Noting that sin < , the assumed


configuration is only possible if P > Pcr.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf

Eulers Formula for Pin-Ended Beams


Consider an axially loaded beam.
After a small perturbation, the system
reaches an equilibrium configuration
such that
d2y M P
2
y
dx EI EI

d2y P
2
y0
dx EI

Solution with assumed configuration


can only be obtained if
2 EI
P Pcr
L2
P
cr

2 E Ar 2

2E
A 2
L A L r2

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.


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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf

Eulers Formula for Pin-Ended Beams


The value of stress corresponding to
the critical load,
2 EI
P Pcr
L2
P P
cr cr
A A

cr

2 E Ar 2
L2 A
2E
critical stress
L r 2

L
slenderness ratio
r

Preceding analysis is limited to


centric loadings.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf

Extension of Eulers Formula


A column with one fixed and one free
end, will behave as the upper-half of a
pin-connected column.

The critical loading is calculated from


Eulers formula,
2 EI
Pcr
L2e

2E
cr
Le r 2
Le 2 L equivalent length

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.


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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf

Extension of Eulers Formula

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.


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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 10.1


An aluminum column of length L and
rectangular cross-section has a fixed end at B
and supports a centric load at A. Two smooth
and rounded fixed plates restrain end A from
moving in one of the vertical planes of
symmetry but allow it to move in the other
plane.

a) Determine the ratio a/b of the two sides of


the cross-section corresponding to the most
efficient design against buckling.
L = 20 in. b) Design the most efficient cross-section for
the column.
E = 10.1 x 106 psi
P = 5 kips
FS = 2.5

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 10.1


SOLUTION:
The most efficient design occurs when the
resistance to buckling is equal in both planes of
symmetry. This occurs when the slenderness
ratios are equal.
Buckling in xy Plane:
1 ba3 2
2 I z a a
rz 12 rz
A ab 12 12
Le, z 0.7 L
Most efficient design:
rz a 12 Le, y
Le, z

Buckling in xz Plane: rz ry
1 ab3
Iy b2 b 0.7 L 2L
ry2 12 ry
A ab 12 12 a 12 b / 12
Le, y 2L a 0.7 a
0.35
ry b / 12 b 2 b

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.


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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 10.1


Design:
Le 2L 2 20 in 138.6

ry b 12 b 12 b
Pcr FS P 2.5 5 kips 12.5 kips
P 12500 lbs
cr cr
A 0.35b b

cr
2E


2 10.1 106 psi
Le r 2
138.6 b 2
L = 20 in.
12500 lbs 2 10.1 106 psi


0.35b b 138.6 b 2
E = 10.1 x 106 psi
P = 5 kips b 1.620 in.
a 0.35b 0.567 in.
FS = 2.5
a/b = 0.35
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf

Eccentric Loading; The Secant Formula


Eccentric loading is equivalent to a centric
load and a couple.
Bending occurs for any nonzero eccentricity.
Question of buckling becomes whether the
resulting deflection is excessive.
The deflection become infinite when P = Pcr
d2y Py Pe
2

dx EI
P 2 EI
ymax e sec 1
Pcr
2 Pcr L2e

Maximum stress
P ymax e c
max 1
A r2


P ec 1 P Le
1 sec
A r 2 2 EA r

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf

Eccentric Loading; The Secant Formula

P ec 1 P Le
max Y 1 2 sec
A r 2 EA r
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 10.2


The uniform column consists of an 8-ft section
of structural tubing having the cross-section
shown.

a) Using Eulers formula and a factor of safety


of two, determine the allowable centric load
for the column and the corresponding
normal stress.
b) Assuming that the allowable load, found in
part a, is applied at a point 0.75 in. from the
E 29 106 psi. geometric axis of the column, determine the
horizontal deflection of the top of the
column and the maximum normal stress in
the column.

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.


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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 10.2


SOLUTION:
Maximum allowable centric load:
- Effective length,
Le 2 8 ft 16 ft 192 in.

- Critical load,

Pcr
2 EI


2 29 106 psi 8.0 in 4
2
Le 192 in 2
62.1 kips

- Allowable load,
P 62.1 kips Pall 31.1 kips
Pall cr
FS 2
P 31.1 kips
all 8.79 ksi
A 3.54 in 2
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 10.2


Eccentric load:
- End deflection,
P
ym e sec 1

2 Pcr

0.075 in sec 1
2 2
ym 0.939 in.

- Maximum normal stress,


P ec P
m 1 2 sec

A r 2 Pcr
31.1 kips 0.75 in 2 in
2
1 sec
3.54 in 1.50 in 2 2 2

m 22.0 ksi

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.


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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf

Design of Columns Under Centric Load


Previous analyses assumed
stresses below the proportional
limit and initially straight,
homogeneous columns

Experimental data demonstrate


- for large Le/r, cr follows
Eulers formula and depends
upon E but not Y.
- for small Le/r, cr is
determined by the yield
strength Y and not E.
- for intermediate Le/r, cr
depends on both Y and E.

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.


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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf

Design of Columns Under Centric Load


For Le/r > Cc
Structural Steel
2E
cr all cr
American Inst. of Steel Construction Le / r 2 FS
FS 1.92

For Le/r > Cc


Le / r 2
cr Y 1 2
all cr
2Cc FS
3
5 3 L / r 1 L / r
FS e e
3 8 Cc 8 Cc

At Le/r = Cc
2 2 E
cr 1
2 Y
Cc2
Y

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.


Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf

Design of Columns Under Centric Load


Alloy 6061-T6
Aluminum Le/r < 66:
Aluminum Association, Inc. all 20.2 0.126 Le / r ksi
139 0.868 Le / r MPa

Le/r > 66:


51000 ksi 351 103 MPa
all
Le / r 2
Le / r 2

Alloy 2014-T6
Le/r < 55:
all 30.7 0.23 Le / r ksi
212 1.585 Le / r MPa
Le/r > 66:
54000 ksi 372 103 MPa
all
Le / r 2
Le / r 2

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.


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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 10.4

SOLUTION:
With the diameter unknown, the
slenderness ration can not be evaluated.
Must make an assumption on which
slenderness ratio regime to utilize.

Calculate required diameter for


assumed slenderness ratio regime.

Evaluate slenderness ratio and verify


initial assumption. Repeat if necessary.
Using the aluminum alloy2014-T6,
determine the smallest diameter rod
which can be used to support the centric
load P = 60 kN if a) L = 750 mm,
b) L = 300 mm

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.


Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 10.4


For L = 750 mm, assume L/r > 55

Determine cylinder radius:


P 372 103 MPa
all
A L r 2
60 103 N 372 103 MPa
2
2
c 18.44 mm
c 0.750 m

c/2

Check slenderness ratio assumption:


c cylinder radius
L L 750mm
r radius of gyration 81.3 55
r c / 2 18.44 mm
I c 4 4 c assumption was correct
2

A c 2
d 2c 36.9 mm

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.


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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 10.4


For L = 300 mm, assume L/r < 55

Determine cylinder radius:


P L
all 212 1.585 MPa
A r
60 103 N 0.3 m 6
212 1.585 10 Pa
c 2 c / 2
c 12.00 mm

Check slenderness ratio assumption:


L L 300 mm
50 55
r c / 2 12.00 mm

assumption was correct


d 2c 24.0 mm

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.


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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf

Design of Columns Under an Eccentric Load


An eccentric load P can be replaced by a
centric load P and a couple M = Pe.

Normal stresses can be found from


superposing the stresses due to the
centric load and couple,
centric bending
P Mc
max
A I

Allowable stress method:


P Mc
all
A I

Interaction method:
P A Mc I
1
all centric all bending

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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