Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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MASONARY
BRICK MASONRY
When bricks are laid in mortar in a proper systematic
manner, they form a homogeneous mass, which can
withstand forces without disintegration. This mass of
the structure, so made by the use of bricks is called
"Brick Masonry" or simply "Brick work".
Bricks are of uniform size and shape, light in weight,
durable, fire resistant, have high resale value, low
maintenance cost and are easily available in plain
areas.
Brick Masonry is commonly used for construction of
ordinary as well as important buildings in plain areas
now-a-days.
SOME IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN BRICK MASONRY
(1) BRICK
An artificial structural element in the form of a
rectangular block of clay is called a Brick ". Bricks
can be manufactured of any required shape and size.
The sizes of some standard bricks are given as
follows:
SOME IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN BRICK MASONRY
(2) FROG
The depression provided in the face of a brick is called a "Frog".
(b) To reduce the weight of the bricks, so that the bricks can be
laid with convenience.
(4) COURSE
Each horizontal layer of bricks laid in mortar in a brick work is called a
"course".
(5) STRETCHER
Brick, laid with its length horizontal and parallel with the face of the
wall or other masonry member is called a "Stretcher" and a course, in
which, all the bricks are laid as Stretchers is called a Stretching
course" or "Stretcher course".
SOME IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN BRICK MASONRY
(6) HEADER
A brick laid, so that only its end shows on the face of a
wall is called a "Header" and a course, in which all the
bricks are laid as headers, is known as "Heading
Course" or "Header course".
SOME IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN BRICK MASONRY
(7) QUOIN
The external corner of the wall is called a "Quoin".
(18) REVEALS
The part of the Jamb opening , which is exposed between
a door or window frame and the face or back of a wall is
known as " Reveal".
(19) SILL
The horizontal part (either of timber, concrete, stone,
metal, etc) at the bottom of a door or window, supporting
the vertical members of the frame is known as " Sill " and
its height window base from the floor level is known as "
Sill level ".
SOME IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN BRICK MASONRY
(20) MORTAR
The paste obtained by mixing a binding material and a fine
aggregate in suitable proportions in addition to water is known as
"Mortar".
Cement and Lime are used as binding materials and Sand, Surkhi,
Cinder, etc. are used as fine aggregates.
The mortar not only acts as a cementing bed between any two
courses of bricks but also, gives strength to the structure by holding
the individual bricks together to act as a homogenous mass.
BONDS
Bond is the arrangement of bricks or stones in each course, so as to
ensure the greatest possible interlocking and to avoid the continuity of
vertical joints in two successive courses, both on the face and in the body
of a wall.
OBJECTIVES OF BONDS
(v) The same course will show headers on the face and stretchers on the
back and vice versa, if the thickness of the wall is an odd multiple of half
brick. (13 1/2 in , 22 1/2 in , etc )
(vi) The middle portion of the thicker walls consists entirely of headers.
The bond, in which headers and stretchers are laid alternately in the same
course, is called "Flemish bond".
TYPES OF BONDS
The bond in which all the bricks are laid as headers in every course
of a wall is called "Heading bond".
3/4 bats are laid as quoin bricks in the alternate courses to break the
continuity of vertical joints, which increases the transverse strength
but weakens the longitudinal strength of the wall.
This bond is commonly used for constructing steining of wells,
footings of walls and columns, corbels, cornices, etc.
TYPES OF BONDS
(4) STRETCHING BOND
The bond in which all the bricks are laid as stretchers in every course
is called "Stretching bond.
The bond in which all the bricks are laid at an angle other than
900 to the facing and backing of the wall is known as "Raking
bond".
This bond in which brick/ tiles are laid in order to have straight
horizontal and vertical joints in the facing is called "Rhom
bond".
This bond is used only in facing work to provide architectural
beauty.
STONE MASONRY
Rock, that is removed from its natural site
and generally, cut or dressed and then
finished for building purposes, is called
"Stone" and the art of building the structure
with stones as constructional units is called
"Stone Masonry".
MAIN TYPES OF STONE MASONRY
The random rubble masonry, in which all the stones are laid without
forming courses, is known as "Uncoursed Random Rubble
masonry".
(6) SURROUNDINGS
The situation and surroundings of the site must be such as to suit
the purpose for which the building is to be constructed. Each type
of building requires different surroundings, than for others.
GENERAL PRECAUTIONS IN SELECTION
OF SITE
(2) The site must not be located in water logged areas or near
the bank of a river.
(4) The site for a residential building should be away from the
area causing foul odor or smoke nuisance due to industrial
buildings.
GENERAL PRECAUTIONS IN SELECTION
OF SITE
(5) RAIN
The sunny areas are hot and dry in the day time and cool to cold
at night.
In these regions the building should be oriented for the Sun, not
for wind as in humid regions.
HOT AND ARID REGION (ctd)
To minimize the heat gain during summer and take benefit for
solar heat during winter, the longer walls should face north and
south and shorter walls, east and west, so the least wall area is
exposed to the slanting rays of Sun during fore noon and
afternoon.
In other words, we can say that the longer axis of building should
run east west, so as to avoid excessive heat from west side.
HOT AND ARID REGION (ctd)
A small tilt in the axis of the building must be given away from the
west towards the south (facing near about north-west), to get
maximum benefit of breeze during rainy season, autumn, and
spring to ensure comfort and proper ventilation.
(2) HOT AND HUMID REGION
The width of the trench is read off from the profiles and the depth of the
trench depends upon finding a suitable sub-soil to give a firm bearing
capacity (according to design).
The foundation concrete must also be below the depth at which it will
not be affected by seasonal movement of the sub-soil (according to
design).
The Runners are long planks about 7.5 cm. thick and 1.75
to 22.5 cm wide.
RAIN PENETRATION
Properly constructed walls offer considerable resistance
to rain penetration but its rapid penetration takes place
through the joints and porous bricks or stones. Rain
penetration is also possible through the roof
components, cracks, and joints b/w the walls and the
roof.
CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
Dampness is also caused due to the condensation of
moisture present in the atmosphere under very cold
climate. Condensation of the atmospheric moisture
can be identified by the drops of moisture present on
the ceilings, walls, floors etc.
CAUSES OF DAMPNESS (- ctd -)
DEFECTIVE ORIENTATION
The building having its walls subjected to direct showers of rain or
getting less direct sun rays, due to defective orientation is liable to
dampness.
MOISTURE ENTRAPPED DURING CONSTRUCTION
Walls while being constructed are in wet conditions. These may
persist moisture for a long period after the construction is over due to
the use of salty or alkaline water, which causes dampness in the
building.
DEFECTIVE MATERIALS
Dampness is also caused due to soakage of moisture by the
defective materials like porous bricks, soft stones, etc. especially
when they are used in external walls.
DEFECTIVE CONSTRUCTION
In case, there is any leakage in the sewers, down water pipes,
kitchens, bathrooms, etc., it will be causing dampness in the
building.
PREVENTION OF DAMPNESS
PRECAUTIONS
Select a sit to make sure that the first point at which water
is struck in a pit is at least 10ft below the surface of the
ground even in the wet season.
For example, compounds like chalk, talc, fullers earth etc. act
mechanically and compounds like alkaline silicates, aluminium
or zinc sulphates, calcium, aluminium or ammonium chlorides,
iron fillings etc. act chemically.
By fixing down water pipes sufficiently so that water may not leak
through the junction of walls and roof.
Drain pipes or footing drains are laid around the footing buried
inside the gravel.