Hypothesis means mere assumptions

or suppositions which are to be

proved or disproved.

Hypothesis is a formal question that is

intended to resolve.
 A Statistical hypothesis is a statement about a
population parameter.
A Statistical Hypothesis (assertion, belief or
assumption) about an unknown population
parameter value is tested & analyzed based
on sample data. On the basis of such a test,
the hypothesized value of the population
parameter is either accepted or rejected.
Can be categorized in different ways

1. Based on their formulation

Null Hypotheses and Alternative Hypotheses

2. Based on direction
Directional and Non-directional Hypothesis
 Null hypothesis asserts that there is no
(significant) difference between the sample
statistic and the population parameter &
whatever the observed difference is there, is
merely due to fluctuations in sampling from the
same population.
The researcher wishes to disapprove this
hypothesis.
It is denoted by H0
For example:
There is no relationship between learning and
intelligence.
 Any hypothesis different from the null
hypothesis is called an alternative
Hypothesis.
It is denoted by H1

Non Directional Directional

Hypothesis Hypothesis
 If the hypothesis simply predicts that there will be a
difference between the two groups, then it is a non-
directional hypothesis. It is non-directional because it
predicts that there will be a difference but does not
specify how the groups will differ.
e.g. Lack of attention leads to failure.
Relationship between age & sick leaves

If, however, the hypothesis uses so-called comparison

terms, such as positive,negative,less than, or
greater than, then its a directional hypothesis. It is
directional because it predicts that there will be a
difference between the two groups and it specifies how
the two groups will differ.
e.g. A person whose attitude is positive towards studies
is more likely to succeed than one who do not.
TYPE I AND TYPE II ERROR:

TYPE I ERROR: These are made when we reject the null hypothesis H0
though it is true.In other words, when H0 is rejected despite its true, then
it is called Type I Error.

TYPE II ERROR: These are made when we accept the null hypothesis
though it is false.In other words, when H0 is accepted despite being its
being false.

To Accept H0 To Reject H0

H0 is True Correct Decision Type I Error

H0 is False Type II Error Correct Decision

LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE:
The level of significance, usually denoted by alpha, is
specified before the sample are drawn, so that the
results obtained should not influence the choice of
the decision maker. The level of significance is
specified in terms of the likelihood (probability) of
rejecting a null hypothesis when it is really true.

The probability of committing Type-I error is called

Level of Significance.
CRITICAL/REJECTION REGION:
The area under the sampling distribution curve
of the test statistic is divided into 2 mutually
exclusive regions- acceptance region and the
rejection region.
The acceptance region represents the range of
values of the sample statistic spread around the
null hypothesized population parameter. If
values of the sample statistic fall within the
range(limits) of accptance region, the null
hypothesis is accepted, otherwise it is rejected.
The rejection region represents the values of the
sample statistic that fall outside the limits of the
acceptance region.
PROCEDURE OF TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS:

1) Set up a null hypothesis

2) Set up a suitable level of significance
3) Set up a suitable test of statistic
4) Doing necessary calculations.
5) Making decisions
Thank you