Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(a) Iron-cored
Transformer
(d)
Tapped - F
windings B E
D
(b) Ferrite cored A
C
Transformer
(e) Auto-
Transformer
C
(c) B
Multiple- H
windings A
B G
F
E
A D
C
Construction of transformer
6000/230 V
I1 R1 Xe R2 I2
0.016
10 23
V1 V1 V2 V2
30 kVA
Equivalent resistance of primary and secondary referred to primary is
2
V1
2
6000
Re R1 R2 10 0.016 21
2
V 230
cos2 0.8 6000/230
I1 Re Xe I2
sin 2 0.6 V
V1 V2
V1 V2
Full-load current at primary
KVA 30000 30
I1 5A
V 6000 kVA
I1 Re cos 2 X e sin 2
Per unit voltage regulation
V1
521 0.8 23 0.6
0.0255
6000
2.55%
Losses in transformer on load categorized into two
1. I2R losses in primary and secondary windings,
namely I12R1+I22R2.
2. Core losses due to hysteresis and eddy currents
Usually variation between no-load and full-load can be
negligible thus, the total core loss, PC , is assumed to be
constant all the time.
Therefore total loss PC I 2
1 1R I 2
2 R2
I 2V2 cos .
Efficiency
I 2V2 cos . Pc I 22 R2e
V2 cos .
Divided by I2 Efficiency
V2 cos . Pc / I 2 I 2 R2e
It is also possible to express
losses
Or 1
input power
The primary and secondary windings of a 500 kVA transformer
have a resistances of 0.42 and 0.0011 respectively. The
primary and secondary voltages are 6600 V and 400 V
respectively and the core loss is 2.9 kW , assuming the power
factor of the load to be 0.8. Calculate the efficiency on (a) full-
load and (b) half-load. (c) assuming the power factor 0.8, find
output which the efficiency of the transformer is maximum.
(a) 500 103
Primary current on full-load I1 75.8 A
6600
500 103
Secondary current on full-load I2 1250 A
400
Coil Wire loss at primary PW1=I12R1=75.82 x 0.42=2415W
losses 7.035
1 1 0.9827 per unit
Input 407.035
98.27%
(b)
Since the wire loss varies as square of the current , thus
Loss 3.934
1 1 0.9807 per unit
Input 203.934
98.07%
(c)
Full-load I2R loss is PW = 4.135kW