UNIT II CONSTRUCTIONAL

FEATURES OF CNC MACHINES

DRIVE UNITS IN CNC

 Machine Tool Units
A machine tool units considered to be a complex
assembly because of the following units.

1. Power Units
2. Speed Control units for both work and tool
movements
3. Controlling the line of movement of the tool and
or/work
4. Tool or work movement actuating mechanisms with
control on the amount of movement.
 Machine Tool Units

Tool and work holding devices

A structure linking and aligning the individual

units together, so that the tool and work are
maintained in a controlled relationship.
 POWERDRIVES
Drives used in an automated system or in CNC
system are of different types such as

1. Electrical drives
2. Hydraulic drives
3. Pneumatic drives
 POWER DRIVES
Electrical Drives : These are direct or
alternating current servo motors. They are
small in size and are easy to control.
Hydraulic Drives :
Large power to size ration.
Provide stepless motion with good accuracy.
Difficult to maintain & bulky
Protect hydraulic elements from corrosion.
The hydraulic oil should not be fire friendly.
 Power Units
Pneumatic Drives :

This drives use air as a working medium & it s fire

proof.
Simple in Construction and are cheaper.
Generates low power, less positioning accuracy
and are noisy.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A CNC CONTROL
UNIT
 DRIVE UNITS TYPE
For driving the main spindle (Cutting speed)
For driving the saddles or carriages (feed)
Providing power for ancillary services.
ELECTRICAL DRIVES
FEED DRIVE
SPINDLE DRIVES
 FEED DRIVES
The main components of a feed drive are
(i) A feed servomotor
(ii) Mechanical transmission System

Feed motor has special characteristics like

constant torque and positioning.
Also in contouring operations prescribed path
has to be followed continuously, several feed
drive have to operate simultaneously.
This requires fast response and matched dynamic
characteristics for different axis.
 REQUIREMENTS OF CNC FEED DRIVE
High torque-to-weight ratio
Integral mounting feedback devices.
During machining, the required constant
torque for overcoming frictional and working
forces must be provided.
Low electrical and mechanical time constants.
Maximum speeds of up to 3000 rpm.
 REQUIREMENTS OF CNC FEED DRIVE
Permanent magnet construction.
Low armature or rotor inertia
Total enclosed non-ventilated design
The drive speed should be infinitely variable with
a speed range of at least 1:20000 which means
that both at a maximum speed, say 2000 rpm,
and at a minimum speed of 0.1 rpm.
Positioning of smallest position increments like 1-
2 m should be possible. For a feed motor this
represents an angular rotation of 2-5 angular
minutes.
BRUSH TYPE DC MOTOR
 ADVANTAGES /DISADVANTAGES OF
BRUSH TYPE
The design of the brushed DC motor is quite
simple
Controlling the speed of a brush Dc motor is easy.
Very cost effective
High maintenance
Performance decreases with dust particles
Less reliable in control at lower speeds
The brushes wear off with usage