HEAD AND NECK

EMBRYOLOGY

I NYOMAN MANGKU KARMAYA

BAGIAN ANATOMI
FK UNUD
 Kasus-kasus
Sumbing bibir dan palatum
Mandibula kecil
Benjolan di leher
Dll
Untuk apa belajar embriologi
kepala dan leher?
Pembentukan Kepala
 Head
formation
rostral or head fold
anterior portion of the neural tube
expands as the forebrain, midbrain
and hindbrain
the neuroectoderm in this region will
form the olfactory, orbital and
otic placodes
the hindbrain forms 8 bulges =
rhombomeres
the paraxial mesoderm in this region
also segments into somites
migration of neural crest cells into
this region provides the embryonic
connective tissue (mesenchyme)
required for development of the
craniofacial structures
these neural crest cells arise from the
midbrain and the first two
rhombomeres as two streams
Apa itu pharyngeal/banchial
rarches?

(Baca lampiran Arkus

Brankialis)
Pharyngeal arches terdiri dari mesoderm (bagian inti), Lapisan
ektoderm (bagian luar) dan endoderm (lapisan dalam)
Lekukan ke dalam pada ektoderm disebut cleft dan lekukan
kedalam endoderm disebut pouch
Pharyngeal cleft 1 dan pharyngeal pouch tumbuh menjorok
Pharyngeal cleft 2-3-4 terkubur oleh perkembangan
mesoderm pharyngeal arch 2
Selanjutnya lihat derivatnya.
 Branchial arches
also called pharyngeal arches
figure 4-11
fourth week: development of a
frontal prominence forms the
stomatodeum
below this is the formation of the
first branchial arch
(mandibular arch)

6 pairs U shaped
core of mesenchymal tissue
formed from neural crest cells that
migrate in to form the arches
covered externally by ectoderm
and lined internally by endoderm
each has its own developing
cartilage, nerve, vascular and
muscular components
these arches separate the
stomatodeum from the developing
heart
 Branchial arches
separated laterally by branchial grooves/clefts

medially they are separated by pharyngeal pouches

first arch (mandibular arch) maxillary and mandibular
processes
second arch (hyoid arch) - hyoid bone, part of the temporal bone
(VII nerve)
cartilage = Reicherts cartilage
the mesoderm of this arch will form the muscles of facial expression, the
middle ear muscles

third arch tongue (IX nerve)

fourth arch tongue, most of the laryngeal cartilages (IX and X
nerves)
fifth arch becomes incorporated into the fourth
sixth arch most of the laryngeal cartilages (IX and X nerves)
 Pharyngeal Pouches
four well-defined pairs of pharyngeal pouches develop from
the lateral walls of the pharynx

first pouch (betwen the 1st and 2nd arches) - external acoustic
meatus, tympanic membrane, and eustachian tube
second pouch palatine tonsils
third pouch - thyroid and parathyroid glands,
fourth pouch parathryoid gland
fifth pouch -becomes incorporated into the fourth
Migrasi
 Development of the Tongue
begins to develop about 4 weeks
localized proliferation of the
mesenchyme results in formation of
several swellings in the floor of the oral
cavity
the oral part (anterior two-thirds)
develops from the fusion of two distal
tongue buds or lateral lingual
swellings and a median tongue
bud (tuberculum impar)

the pharyngeal part or root of the

tongue (posterior one-third) develops
from the copula and the B.As #1,2 and 3 hypobranchial arch
hypobranchial eminence (forms overgrows the 2nd arch
from the 2nd, 3rd and 4th branchial
arches)

these parts fuse (adult = terminal

sulcus)
muscles of the tongue arise from
occipital somites which migrate into
the tongue area

MOVIE: http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/8/88/Tongue.gif
 Pembentukan lidah
dari mana sumbernya?
Pembentukan wajah
 Maxilla formation
centers of ossification develop in the mesenchyme of the maxillary
processes of the first branchial arch

spreads posteriorly below the orbit towards the developing zygoma and
anteriorly toward the future incisor region and superiorly to form the
frontal process

ossification also spreads into the palatine process to form the hard palate

at the union between the palatal process and the main body of the
developing maxilla is the medial alveolar plate together with the
lateral plates development of the maxillary teeth

a zygomatic or malar cartilage appears in the developing zygomatic

processes and contributes to the development of the maxilla
 Pembentukan wajah
perhatikan tonjolan (prominence) sekitar stomodium
Pembentukan
palatum
Jelaskan jenis2 kelainan (cleft) dan
bagaimana terjadinya
Development of the Lower Face
within the fourth week
two bulges form inferior to the
stomatodeum
 Mandible formation
the cartilage of the first branchial arch
associated with the formation of the
mandible = Meckels cartilage

6 weeks: Meckels cartilage forms a rod

surrounded by a fibrocellular capsule

the two cartilages do not meet at the midline

but are separated by a thin line of cartilage =
symphysis
on the lateral aspect of this symphysis a
condensation of mesenchyme forms

at 7 weeks intramembranous ossification

begins in this mesenchyme and spreads
anteriorly and posteriorly to form the bone
of the mandible
the bone spreads anteriorly to the midline of
the developing lower jaw the bones do not
fuse at the midline mandibular symphysis
forms (from meckels cartilage)
which fuses shortly after birth
the ramus develops from rapid ossification
posteriorly into the mesenchyme of the first
arch
 Mandible formation
-Meckels cartilage does NOT contribute directly to the ossification of
the mandible
-posterior extremity malleolus of the inner ear
-portion persists as the sphenomandibular ligament
-significant portion is resorbed entirely
-most anterior portion near the midline may contribute to the jaw
through endochondral ossification
-growth of the mandible until birth is influences by the appearance of
three secondary (growth) cartilages
1. condylar 12th week, developing ramus by endochondral
ossification, a thick layer persists at birth at the condylar head
(mechanism for post-natal growth of the ramus = endochondral)
2. coronoid 4 months, disappears before birth
3. symphyseal appears in the connective tissue at the ends of the
Meckels cartilage, gone after 1 year after birth
Embriologi gigi
 Bahan Diskusi
Apa itu branchial arch
Bagaimana perkembangannya
Sebutkan semua derivat branchial arches
Sebutkan juga kelainan kongenital
berkaitan dengan perkembangan
branchial arches
Jelaskan pembentukan maxilla dan
kelainan kongenital yang bisa terjadi
 Bahan Diskusi
Jelaskan pembentukan lidah
Jelaskan pembentukan mandibula