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Module 6
Metal Properties
and
Destructive Testing
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 2
Metal Properties
Physicalproperties (density)
Mechanical properties *
Alloy chemistry
Alloy heat treatment
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 3
Strength
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 4
Strength
Two common methods of expression:
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 5
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 6
Elastic
Behavior of
Steel
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 7
Temperature Effects
As metal temperatures increase:
Strength decreases
Hardness decreases
Ductility increases
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 8
Ductility
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 9
Brittle Ductile
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 10
Ductility Terms
Percent elongation
Percent reduction of area
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 11
Directional Properties
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 12
Rolling Directions
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 13
Hardness
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 14
Indenter Types
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 15
Hardness Tester
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 16
Indentation
Shapes
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 17
Toughness
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 18
Toughness Comparison
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 19
Notch Toughness
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 20
Stress Riser
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 21
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 22
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 23
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 24
Ductile - to - Brittle
Transition Temperature
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 25
Fatigue Strength
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 26
Endurance Limit
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 27
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 28
Soundness
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 29
Chemical Properties
Metals are mixtures of elements, and are
referred to as alloys
Minor changes in alloy composition can
have major effects on alloy properties such
as mechanical strength, corrosion resistance
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 30
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 32
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
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Stainless Steels
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
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Elements in Steels - 1 of 2
C - Most important
S - Undesirable
P - Undesirable
Si - Deoxidizer
Mn - Combines with S
Cr - Hardenability, Corrosion Resistance
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 35
Elements in Steels - 2 of 2
Mo - Hardenability
Ni - Toughness, Ductility
Al - Deoxidizer
V - Hardenability
Nb - Stabilizer
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 36
Dissolved Gases
(Embrittle steels, cause porosity)
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 37
Aluminum Alloys
Heat treatable
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 38
Aluminum Alloys
Non-heat treatable
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 39
Nickel Alloys
Corrosionresistant
Good low temperature properties
Good high temperature properties
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 40
Copper Alloys
Electrical
conductivity
Resistance to corrosion
Resistance to erosion
Resistance to water and salt water
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 41
Destructive Testing
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 42
Nondestructive Testing
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 43
Tensile Testing
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 44
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 45
Sample Preparation
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 46
Alternate Calculation
Example 2 (using diameter directly)
Area = D2
4
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 48
Calculation Shortcut
Area of Circle shortcut:
Area = 0.7854 x D2
because:
4 = 3.1416 4 = 0.7854
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 6 - 49
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y