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Prepared by :
PN ZURAINI BINTI GANI
JKM
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC
CIRCUIT
Understand standard symbols for electrical components
Identify common symbols in electrical circuit diagrams.
Understand electric current and quantity of electricity
State the definition of electric current as the rate of
movement of charge and is measured in ampere
State the unit of charge as coulomb
Determine charge or quantity of electricity Q from Q=It
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC
CIRCUIT
Understand potential difference
Explain that for current to flow in a circuit, potential
difference is required between two points
State the unit of potential difference as volt
Describe that resistance oppose current flow and is
measured in ohms
Understand resistance and resistivity
State that electrical resistance depends on four factors
State that resistance R=l/A where is the resistivity
Solve problems involving resistance and resistivity
Standard Symbol for Electrical Components
ground/earth
conductor /wire switch
V A
G
voltmeter ammeter
galvanometer
ELECTRIC CURRENT, I
Current: - motion of charge
- depends on the rate of flow of charge
- electric fluid
- unit of current is ampere (A)
Equation: dq = changing of charge
I = dt = changing of time
I = current (ampere)
For steady state condition: Q = charge (coulomb)
I = , thus Q = It t = time (second)
What is an electric current?
An electric current is a flow of microscopic particles
called electrons flowing through wires and
components.
+
-
Current
10V R= 4 2V
B
A+ 8V -
Node A = 10V
Node B = 2V
Potential Voltage(P.V.) = 10 2 = 8V
Current, I = = = 2A
RESISTANCE & RESISTIVITY
Resistance property of a component which restricts
the flow of electric current.
The value of resistance depends upon 4 factors:
1. Length, l
2. Cross-sectional area, A
3. resistivity,
4. temparature
Resistance & resistivity
RESISTOR (R)
Ans: 0.477
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Electrical Circuits
Electrical circuits is classified into two types which are:
1. Complete circuit
2. Incomplete circuit;
a. Open circuits
b. Short circuits
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Types of Electrical Circuits : Incomplete Circuit
a. Open Circuit
An open circuit is caused intentionally when a user
opens a switch or unintentionally when vibration or
mechanical damage severs a wire.
14
Types of Electrical Circuits :
Complete Circuit
b. Closed Circuit
Closing a switch creates a closed loop for the electrons to flow
through. This is sometimes referred to as "completing the circuit."
15
Ohms Law
Law: current of a circuit is directly proportional to the
applied voltage and inversely proportional to circuit
resistance.
I V, I 1/R V=IR
Where; V = Voltage
I = Current
R = Resistance
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Electric Power
The rate at which electric energy is converted to other forms of
energy, equal to the product of the current and the voltage drop.
Symbol : P Unit : Watts (W)
Joule's law can be combined with Ohm's law to produce two more
equations; P = I2R , P = V2/R
E=QV
Energy to a resistor of resistance R can be combined with Joule's law and Ohm's law to
produce two more equations:
RT = R1 + R2 + R3
EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE IN SERIES
(RESISTORS IN SAME VALUE)
RT = n x r r = resistance value
n = amount of resistors
VOLTAGE DIVIDER RULE
VR1 = x E
PARALLEL CIRCUIT
Is formed when two or more devices are arranged in a
circuit side by side so that current can flow through
more than one path
PARALLEL CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTIC
PARALLEL CIRCUITS
RT =
EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE IN PARALLEL
(2 RESISTORS CASE)
RT =
EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE IN PARALLEL
(SAME VALUE CASE)
IR1= x I
CURRENT DIVIDER RULE
(2 RESISTORS CASE)
IR1= x I
SERIES-PARALLEL CIRCUIT
reference
point
Rb=
TOTAL RESISTANCE OF SERIES-
PARALLEL CIRCUIT
RT = Ra + Rb
TOTAL RESISTANCE (EXAMPLE)
A 10 10 5
3 6
8
RT
B 9
3 6
8
RT
B 9 Ra
Step 1: Identify any series connection (in between) and calculate the
total resistance.
Ra = 4 + 8 = 12
TOTAL RESISTANCE (EXAMPLE)
A 10 10 5
4
Ra
12 3 6
8
RT
B 9
Step 1: Identify any series connection (in between) and calculate the
total resistance.
Ra = 4 + 8 = 12
TOTAL RESISTANCE (EXAMPLE)
A 10 10 5
Ra
12 3 6
RT
B 9 Rb
Step 2: Identify the farthest part from ref. point and calculate the total
resistance.
Rb = 5 + 6 = 11
TOTAL RESISTANCE (EXAMPLE)
A 10 10 5
Ra
12 3 Rb 6
11
RT
B 9
Step 2: Identify the farthest part from ref. point and calculate the total
resistance.
Rb = 5 + 6 = 11
TOTAL RESISTANCE (EXAMPLE)
A 10 10
Ra
12 3 Rb 11
RT
B 9 Rc
Step 3: calculate the total resistance of next portion until reach ref.
point.
Rc = = 2.36
TOTAL RESISTANCE (EXAMPLE)
A 10 10
Ra
12 3
2.36 Rb 11
Rc
RT
B 9
Step 3: calculate the total resistance of next portion until reach ref.
point.
Rc = = 2.36
TOTAL RESISTANCE (EXAMPLE)
A 10 10
Ra
12 2.36
Rc
RT
B 9 Rd
Step 3: calculate the total resistance of next portion until reach ref.
point.
Rd = 10 + 2.36= 12.36
TOTAL RESISTANCE (EXAMPLE)
A 10 10
Ra Rd
12 12.36
2.36
Rc
RT
B 9
Step 3: calculate the total resistance of next portion until reach ref.
point.
Rd = 10 + 2.36= 12.36
TOTAL RESISTANCE (EXAMPLE)
A 10
Ra Rd
12 12.36
RT
B 9 R
e
Step 3: calculate the total resistance of next portion until reach ref.
point.
Re = = 6.09
TOTAL RESISTANCE (EXAMPLE)
A 10
Rd
ReRa 6.09
12 12.36
RT
B 9
Step 3: calculate the total resistance of next portion until reach ref.
point.
Re = = 6.09
TOTAL RESISTANCE (EXAMPLE)
A 10
Re 6.09
RT
B 9
RT = 10 + 6.09 + 9 = 25.09
MEASURING CURRENT
Electric current is measured in amps (A) using
A
MEASURING CURRENT
This is how we draw an ammeter in a circuit.
A A
PARALLEL CIRCUIT
2A 2A
current is shared
between the 1A
components
1A
copy the following circuits and fill in the
missing ammeter readings.
4A
? 3A
? 3A
1A
?
4A
?
4A 1A
1A
?
MEASURING VOLTAGE
The electrical push which the cell gives to the current
is called the voltage. It is measured in volts (V) on a
voltmeter
V
MEASURING VOLTAGE
Different cells produce different voltages. The
bigger the voltage supplied by the cell, the bigger the
current.
V
V
SERIES CIRCUIT PARALLEL CIRCUIT
MEASURING VOLTAGE
V V
V
SERIES CIRCUIT
voltage is shared between the components
3V
1.5V 1.5V
PARALLEL CIRCUIT
voltage is the same in all parts of the circuit.
3V
3V
3V
Kirchhoffs Laws of
Electricity
Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL)
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL)
60
Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL)
This law is also called Kirchhoff's junction rule or
Kirchhoff's point rule.
This law states that the sum of the currents entering any
junction of wires must equal the sum of the currents leaving
that junction.
iin = iout
i1 i2
i3
i1 i2 i3
61
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL)
This law is also called Kirchhoff 's loop rule. It is a
consequence of the principle of conservation of energy.
+ V1 -
+
VT V2
- VT V1 V2 V3 0
+ V3 -
62
Kirchhoffs Law
1. Define direction of current/voltage
polarity.
(Unknown current are usually defined in
clockwise direction while known current
are defined according to the direction of
the current source)
2. Apply KVL:
V1 V2 V3 0
3. Express in voltage function:
V1 iR2 iR3 0
63
Kirchhoffs Law 1. Define direction of current/voltage polarity.
2. Apply KCL: i3 i1 i2
3. Apply KVL:
Loop 1 V A V1 V3 0
Loop 2 VB V2 V3 0
5. Using KCL:
Loop 1 V A i1 R1 (i1 i2 ) R3 0
Loop 2 VB i2 R2 (i1 i2 ) R3 0
6. Substituting values:
Loop 1 V A ( R1 R3 )i1 i2 R3 0
Loop 2 VB i1 R3 ( R2 R3 )i2 0
65
Q1 : Find I1 , I2 and I3 in the following circuits.
R1 = 1 R2 = 6 R3 = 2
5V 10V I2
I1
Ans: I1 = 1 A, I2 = 2 A, I3 = -1 A
66
QUIZ 1 : SERIES RESISTORS
This question refers to the circuit below in which the current is
100 mA:
a. What is the current in each resistor?
b. What is the total resistance?
c. What is the battery voltage?
d. What is the voltage across each resistor?
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