Skull fractures

(Racoon eyes), (Battle

s sign),( CSF leak)
(linear fracture)



:
/

(Lucid interval)


:


/

/

,
> 5mm

(brain contusions)
(intracerebral hematomas)
(brain concussion)
(Diffuse axonal injury)
/

/
(Coup/countrecoup
injuries)
: /


,
: ,




()

(Motor posturing)


GCS = 9-12





:

GCS = 3-8
/






!





: PaCO235mmHg25-
30
Mannitol

: 0.5-1.0 g/Kg

,,










,



,



7
12
5



Axial loading
Flexion
Extension
Rotation
Lateral bending
distraction
Atlas fracture C-1
5%
axis fractures
C-1Jefferson
fracture
Axial loading
X-ray: open mouth view

Axis (C-2) fractures

18%
odontoid fractures
flexion
Hangmans fracture
hyperextension
C3-C7
C5
C5-C6
Facet dislocations.
X-ray
71
Swimmers view
Open mouth view
CT scan
Flexion-extension view
MRI


,

,collar

,





,












1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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