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No.

7 Signaling System
V0701

ZTE University
Mobile-MSS/WDSS Group
ZTE University univ.zte.com.cn
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Course Objectives

Understand Basic Concepts of


No.7 Signaling System
Know Stack of No.7 Signaling
System
Familiar with No.7 Networking
Structure and Elements

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Agenda

 NO.7 Signaling System overview


 The Protocol stack
 Network architecture and elements

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What is Signaling?

Signaling

•It is the dialog language for the communication between


various parts of the telecom network.

Signaling system

•Signaling system includes a set of signaling and operation


procedure.
•Signaling system is the collection of software and hardware
which generate 、 transmit 、 receive and recognize the
signaling.

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CAS Vs CCS

• Channel associated signaling:(CAS)


– In addition to carrying the conversation or bearer, all
telephone bearer trunks also carried the signaling
information necessary to control the call concerned.
• Common channel signaling:(CCS)
– Messages are carried on a separate digital signaling
network, logically apart from the actual voice traffic.
– No.7 signaling system is a kind of Common Channel
Signaling System.

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Channel Associated Signaling

v+s

v+s
Exchange A Exchange B
v+s

v+s

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Common Channel Signaling System

v
Exchange A

Exchange B
v
v
v

S
Signaling Signaling
terminal terminal

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Basic Concepts of No.7 Signaling
System
• Signaling link
– SS7 messages are exchanged between network elements over
64k/s bidirectional channels called signaling links.

• Signaling linkset
– Links are usually organized into groups known as linksets. A
linkset is a collection of links that share the same destination .
When links are collected in linksets, the total load of messages
is typically shared between the active links.
– There can be up to 16 links in a linkset.
– The Links in the same LinkSet are sharing load.

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Basic Concepts of
No.7 Signaling System _Cont.
• Route
– When one SP is in communication with another, there is said to be a route
between the two. A route is the path that exists between any two SPs. The
route may include 1 or 2 linksets.
– The Links in the same Route are sharing load.
• Routeset
– A collection of routes to the same destination is known as a Routeset.
– Routes in the same RouteSet are priority-ranked.

Link

LinkSet

Route
RouteSet
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Networking Design Example 1

RouteSet

Route 1 LinkSet 1
A B
Link
Rou
te2
Lin
kSe
t2

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Networking Design Example 2

Route

LinkSet 1
A B
Link
Lin
kSe
t2

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Agenda

 NO.7 Signaling System overview


 The Protocol stack
 Network architecture and elements

ZTE University univ.zte.com.cn


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NO.7 Signaling System

Application
Layer MAP INAP OMAP BSSAP
ISUP TUP DUP
TCAP

Network
SCCP
Layer
MTP3

Data Link
Layer
MTP2

Physical
Layer
MTP1

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Function of MTP1

• MTP1 is at the physical layer. The 1st level defines the


physical, electrical, and functional features of the
signaling data link .
• Primarily serving as a two-way data transmission
channel, it contains digital transmission channels with
a basic rate of 64kb/s and signal terminal equipment.

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Function of MTP2

• MTP-2 ensures accurate end-to-end transmission of a


message cross a signaling link. Level 2 implements flow
control, message sequence validation, and error checking.
When an error occurs on a signaling link, the message is
retransmitted.

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Function of MTP3

• MTP3 performs the functions of a signaling network.


• It is combined with the SCCP to form the OSI L3
functional level.
• Major functions:
– Signal message processing: involves message routing,
message discrimination and message distribution.
– Signal network management: involves management
of signal traffic, signal link and signal routing.

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Signal unit
An SS7 message is called a signal unit (SU).

There are three kinds of signal unit:

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Flag (F)

• The starting flag indicates the start of a signal unit. The start
flag of a signal unit is usually the ending flag of the preceding
signal unit. The ending flag indicates the end of a signal unit,
and has a flag code type of 01111110.

delimitation
01111110
start end

F F F F F

signal units signal units signal units signal units start

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Flag (F) _Cont.

• In order to ensure that “01111110” code do not appear in other parts of the
unit, after fifth “1” (with more than 6 continuous 1s) we appended a “0” in
outgoing end, and remove it in receiving end.

01111110 False flag 01111110


F?

F F 01111110 F

F F 010111110 F

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Length indication code (LI)
• The 6-bit LI can store values between zero and 63.
• If the number of octets which follow the LI and precede the
CRC is less than 63, the LI contains this number. Otherwise,
the LI is set to 63. An LI of 63 indicates that the message
length is equal to or more than 63 octets (up to a maximum
of 273 octets).
• The maximum length of a signal unit is 279 octets: 273 octets
(data) + 1 octet (flag) + 1 octet (BSN + BIB) + 1 octet (FSN
+ FIB) + 1 octet (LI + 2 bits spare) + 2 octets (CRC).
LI Value Signal unit type
0 Fill-in signal unit
1-2 Link Status signal unit
3-63 Message signal unit

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Fill-in signal unit (FISU)

• FISU is transmitted continuously on a signaling link in both


directions when there are no other signal units (MSU or LSSU) to
transmit. FISU carry basic level 2 information only (e.g.,
acknowledgment of signal unit receipt by a remote signaling point).
• FISU is used to keep the synchronization of signal links, so it is
also called the synchronization signal unit.

F CK LI FIB FSN BIB BSN F

The first transmitted bit


LI =
0

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Link status signal unit (LSSU)

• Link Status Signal Unit (LSSU) carry one or two octets (8-bit bytes)
of link status information between signaling points at either end of a
link. The link status is used to control link alignment and to indicate
the status of a signaling point (e.g., local processor outage) to the
remote signaling point.

F CK SF LI FIB FSN BIB BSN F


The first transmitted bit
LI =
Note: SF---- Status Field
1~2

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Message signal unit (MSU)

• The fill-in signaling unit and the link status signaling unit are sent
from the link control terminal (the second level), but the message
signaling unit is generated by the user part, and used to send the
user part messages. The length of MSU is variable, with a
maximum length of 272 bytes.

F CK SIF SIO LI FIB FSN BIB BSN F

The first transmitted bit


LI>2

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Service Information Octet (SIO)

SSF SI

F CK SIF SIO LI FIB FSN BIB BSN F


8 16 8n(n≥2) 8 2 6 1 7 1 7 8
The first transmitted bit

DCBA DCBA
Sub-service Service
indication
Field(SSF) (SI)

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Service Indicator

• 0000 signaling network management message


• 0001 signaling network test and maintenance message
• 0010 reserved
• 0011 SCCP
• 0100 TUP
• 0101 ISUP
• 0110 DUT(messages related to call and circuit)
• 0111 DUT (performance registration and canceling message)
• 1000 reserved for MTP to test the user part
• 1001 reserved
• 1010 reserved
• 1011 reserved
• 1100 reserved
• 1101 reserved
• 1110 reserved
• 1111 reserved

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Sub-Service Field

• The sub-service field includes the indication code (bits C and D)


and two reserved bits (bits A and B). The network indication
codes are distributed as follows:
DCBA
00 international network
01 reserved (for international use only)
10 domestic network
11 reserved for domestic use

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Signaling Information Field (SIF)

• The signaling information field consists of an integral number of [2,


272] octets. The SIF in an MSU contains the routing label and
signaling information (e.g., SCCP, TUP, and ISUP message data)

F CK SIF SIO LI FIB FSN BIB BSN F


The first transmitted bit

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Routing Label
• The routing label is comprised of the destination point code (DPC),
originating point code (OPC), and signaling link selection (SLS) field.
• DPC is the destination signaling point code, indicating the signaling point
the message shall reach.
• OPC is the original signaling point code showing the original message
signaling point.

The first transmitted bit

SLS OPC DPC


4 14/24 14/24

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Principle of MTP3

MTP3

SI DPC=own SPC
MDT
MDC
DPC≠own SPC

2 PT M
MRT
DPC&
SLS
, P USI , P UT, P CCS

MDC: Message Discrimination


MDT: Message Distribution

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Relationship between
ZXC10 and NO.7 System

ZXC10 2048kb/s NET ZXC10


NET

MP SPB DT transmission system DT SPB MP


semi-permanent connecting
64kb/s
Level 1
Level 2
Signaling link
Level 3
Message transfer part
Level 4
ZTE University univ.zte.com.cn
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Agenda

 NO.7 Signaling System overview


 The Protocol stack
 Network architecture and elements

ZTE University univ.zte.com.cn


The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
Signaling point (SP)

• It refers to the node in the signaling system that provides common


channel signaling.
• SP can also be divided into 2 types:
– Source points : OPC (Originating points code)
– Destination points : DPC (Destination point code)

OPC=2-2-2
DPC=3-3-3

A OPC=3-3-3 B
DPC=2-2-2

SPC=2-2-2 SPC=3-3-3

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Signal transfer point (STP)
• It refers to SP that transfer signaling messages from one signaling
link to another. They are the middle signaling points during
signaling transfer.
• STPs are usually setted in pairs, as they are linked to ensure
redundancy and achieve routing reliability.
• One key advantage of STP is that it enables a SP to signal to other
SPs without being directly connected to them.

Voice channels
A B
SP A Signaling link SP B
C

STP
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Signaling Mode _ Associated Mode

• In this mode, messages related to the voice channel


connecting two switches are sent on the signaling link that
directly connects two switches, as shown in the Figure.

Voice channels
A B
Signaling link

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Signaling Mode _Quasi-Associated Mode

• This can be called a special case of the non-associated


mode. In this mode, signaling messages between switches
A and B go through the several preset concatenated
signaling links.

Voice channels

A B
Signaling link

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Thanks !
Questions are welcome

ZTE University univ.zte.com.cn


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