By: Taufiq RN

Sometime called Biochemical thermodynamic:

The study of the energy changes accompanying biochemical reaction
Biological system:
Essentially Isothermic
Use chemical energy to power living process
How an animal obtain energy from its food. It is a basic to the
understand of normal nutrition and metabolism
Starvation occur when availability of energy are depleted
Marasmus is a certain form of malnutrition associated with energy
imbalance
Obesity, caused by excess storage of surplus energy
Thyroid hormones control the rate of energy release
(metabolic rate)
 The first law of thermodynamics states that:
The total energy of a system, including its surroundings,
remains constants
Within the total system, energy is neither lost or gained during any
change
However energy maybe transferred from one part to another
The second law of thermodynamics states that:
The total entropy of a system must increase if a process is to
occur spontaneously
Entropy: is the extent of disorder or randomness of the
system and becomes maximum as equilibrium is
approached
A

Coupling Heat
D

Chemical Energy

B
C
A

E D

~E

B C
Metabolism: interconversion of chemical
compounds in the body, the molecules take their
individual pathway, their relationship, and the
mechanisms that regulate the flow of metabolites Catabolic pathway
through the pathways.
P

Food Digestion Simple absorption Amphibolic

Molecule molecule pathway

Anabolic pathway

The three major categories of

metabolic pathway
Normal metabolism include:
Adaptation to period of starvation
Exercise
Pragnancy
Lactation

Abnormal metabolism may be resulted from:

Nutritional deficiency
Enzyme deficiency
Abnormal secretion of hormones or
the action of drug and toxins
 Diet

Glycogen
Glucose

3CO2
Glucose phosphate

PPP
Glycolysis

Ribose RNA
Triose Phosphates
Phosphate DNA

Pyruvate Lactatase
Acylglycerol
(FAT)
Acetyl Co. A
Protein

Krebs Cycle
Overview of
Carbohydrate Metabolism
CO2
 Carbohydrate Protein Lipid

Digestion and absorption

Glucose Fatty acid

Amino acids
glycerol

Catabolism Catabolism

Acetyl Co A

Enzyme
2H ATP
Vitamins
mineral Krebs
cycle 2CO2
 Steroid
Tracylglycerol
esterification

Lipolysis
Fatty acids

Cholesterol

Carbohydrate Acetyl Co.A Cholesterogenesis

Amino acids Ketogenesis

Krebs Cycle Ketone bodies

2CO2 Overview of Fatty acids Metabolism

 Protein Diet

Tissue Nonprotein
Amino acids
Protein Nitrogen derivatives
T RA N SA M I NAT I O N

Carbohydrate Ketone bodies

(glucose)
Aminonitrogen in
glutamate
Acetyl Co.A

Krebs Cycle
NH3

Urea 2CO2

OVERVIEW OF AMINO ACID METABOLISM

The process of mitochondrial oxidative
phosphorylation
ADP is phosphorylated to ATP at
complex V (ATP synthase) at the
expense of the proton gradient
maintained as electrons are passed
from reducing equivalents (NADH,
FADH2) to cytochromes along the
inner mitochondrial membrane.
These reducing equivalents are
generated as carbon substrates are
oxidized in the tricarboxylic acid cycle
(TCA). Single electrons interact with
molecular oxygen at complexes I and
III to generate the superoxide radical
(O2). The sequential actions of
superoxide dismutase (SOD) and
catalase convert superoxide into
oxygen and water

Ian R. Lanza & K. Sreekumaran, Nair Eur J Physiol (2010)