Difference Between Prokaryotic

And Eukaryotic Cell

 Cell
ThecellLatincella,meaning"smallroom.
Basicstructural,functionalandbiologicalunitofall
knownlivingorganisms.
Cellsarethesmallestunitoflifethatcanreplicate
independently,
"buildingblocksoflife
Therearetwotypesofcells,eukaryotes,whichcontain
anucleus,andprokaryotes,whichdonot.
PROKARYOTIC
CELLS
 Functions of Cells

A boundary that keeps the cellular contents

separate from the external environment but
allows for the transfer of some substances
into and out of the cell.

Replication of DNA

Synthesis of cellular components

The ability to obtain energy through

metabolic processes
 Appendages are basically involved in
movement or adhesion
Flagella (singular flagellum) are cellular
appendages that consist of three parts:

1. A filament that rotates for movement

2. A hook where the filament attaches
3. A basal body that anchors the hook to the
cell
The arrangement of the hook/basal body
articulation allows the hook with its
filament to rotate 360o
Arrangements of Flagella
 Axial filaments

Modified flagella
that occur in
spirochetes
 Non-locomotor
appendages
Pili are longer and
sparser than
fimbriae.
fimbriae are
involved in
adhesion and pili
(found only in Gram
- bacteria) are
involved in
conjugation ( a
mating process).
Cell envelopes differ between taxa
but they basically consist of three
layers:
The capsule or slime layer (outermost layer)
differs greatly in thickness, organization and
chemical composition depending on the
bacterial species.

Beneath the outer layer lies the cell wall.

The cell membrane is a thin flexible sheet

that surrounds the contents of the bacterial
cell. Its functions include: transport, energy
extraction, nutrient processing, and synthesis
The Gram Stain
 The protoplasm or cytoplasm
o Densegelatinoussolutionwithinthecell
membrane
o Primarysiteforthecellsbiochemicaland
syntheticprocesses.
 Nuclear region
chromatinbodyor
thebacterial
chromosome

Nucleoidornuclear
regionofthecellthat
isassociatedwiththe
chromatinbody
 Plasmids
Plasmidsaretiny
circularextra
chromosomalstrandsof
DNA

Ribosomesaresmall
structuresconsistingof
RNAandproteinsthat
areinvolvedinprotein
synthesis
 Inclusions or granules

Inclusions or granules are

areas where nutrients
are concentrated

Endospores are dormant

structures produced by
some species of Bacillus
and Clostridium.
Shapes and arrangements of
bacteria
 FUNGI
Fungi are eukaryotic protista; differ from
bacteria and other prokaryotes.

1. Cell walls containing chitin (rigidity &

support) ,other polysaccharides
2. Cytoplasmic membrane contains ergosterols
3. Possess true nuclei with nuclear membrane
& paired chromosomes.
4. Divide asexually, sexually or by both
5. Unicellular or multicellular
 Simplest fungus :- Unicellular budding
yeast

Hypha :- Elongation of apical cell

produces a tubular, thread like structure
called hypha

Mycelium :- Tangled mass of hyphae is

called mycelium. Fungi producing mycelia
are called molds or filamentous fungi.

Hyphae may be septate or non-septate

 CLASSIFICATION
Dependingoncell morphology
1. Yeasts
2. Yeastlikefungi
3. Molds
4. Dimorphicfungi
Eukaryotic Cell
 CELL MEMBRANE
StructureComponents
Arrangement

Functions

Barrier
Transport(knowdiffusion,osmosis,facilitated
diffusionandactivetransport)
Recognition(e.g.,selfvs.non-self)
Reception(forproteinhormones)
Adhesion
 Nucleus
Structure and
Function
membrane similar to
cell membrane
(similar function)
Nucleolus
(formation of
ribosomes)
Chromosomes (gene
expression)
Nucleoplasm
(matrix)
 Ribosomes
Structure
rRNA
Proteins
Function
Siteofprotein
formation(translation)
Foundinboth
prokaryotesand
eukaryotes(different
structurally)
 Endoplasmic Reticulum
Structure membranous
system of tunnels and
sacs
Rough with
ribosomes on surface

Smooth- no ribosomes
on surface
Function
Rough protein
synthesis
Smooth- lipid
synthesis
 Golgi Apparatus
Structure also membranous, kind of
like a stack of pancakes
Function processing of lipids and
proteins
 LYSOSOMES
Structure
Membrane bound sac containing
hydrolytic enzymes
Function
Digestion
 Mitochondria
Structure cigar-
shaped, double
membrane-bound
organelle

Function Energy
transfer by ATP
synthesis
 Chloroplast
Structure

Also cigar or spindle

shaped, double
membrane-bound, green

Function
photosynthesis
 Other structure
Cell walls, not in animal cells
Vacuoles
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
 Differences Between
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
cells
 Features
No

1. Prokaryotic
Occurrence cells are the These are cells
are found in all,
characteristic animals and
of bacteria plants, except
and blue blue green
green algae algae and
bacteria.

2 Size Mostly Mostly
. 10-100 m
1-10 m

3 Common,with
. Multicellular Rare extensive
tissue
forms formation
 Present in most but not The animal
in all cells. In Bacteria, cells lack
4. Cell wall cell wall is made up
cell wall,
murein,polysaccharides,
but plants
lipid and proteins.
cell wall is
made up of
cellulose
and
chitinous
cell wall is
present in
fungi.
5.
Plasma
membrane Present Present

6
Nucleus Present

7.
Nuclear
Membranes
Absent Present

8. Chromatinwith Absent Present

histone

Numberof
Numberof Eachcell
9. chromosomes Hasonly
chromosomes
percell
one depends
chromosome uponthe
typeof
organism.

10 Chromosome The Chromose Each chromosome
is circular ring is linear having
lacking a a centromere
centromere.

11 Geneticmaterial Circularor Linear double
. linear,double stranded DNA:
genes frequently
stranded interrupted by
DNA:only intron sequences
exonsare especially in
higher
present eukaryotes
(called as split
genes).
 Nucleoli and Absent Present
12 Mitotic apparatus

13. Nucleolus Absent Present(for

thesynthesis
and
organization
ofribosomes)
14. Plasmid Commonly Rare
present
15 Mesosomes Mesosomes Absent
perform the
function of Golgi
bodies and
mitochondria,
and also help in
the separation of
chromosomes
during cell
division.
 16. Cell organelles
Mitochondria Absent Present
Endoplasmic Absent Presen
Reticulum t

Vacuoles
Absent
Presen
t
Lysosomes Absent Present

Chloroplast Absent Present

Centrioles Absent Present

Ribosomes Only 70S type of The cytoplasm

ribosomes are has 80S type of
present which lie ribosomes; and
free in cytoplasm, plastid and
or are engaged in mitochondria
protein synthesis. have 70 S
Microtubules Absent Present

Complex
Flagellae Simple structure 9+2
Composed of the Structure
protein Flagellin. of tubulin
and other
protein.


17 Respiration Many strict All aerobic,
anaerobes but some
facultative
Anaerobes
By
secondary
modifications
.

18 Photosynthetic Boundto

Enzymes
Enzymes plasma packed
membraneas inplastids
composite bound
chromatophore by
membrane



19 All share cytochrome
Metabolic GreatVariations

electron transport
chains, Krebs cycle
Patterns oxidation, glycolysis.

Rare:Ifpresentone Bothsexes
way(andusually involvedinsexual
formingpartial participationand

20 Sexual

diploidsor entiregenomes
merozygotes) transferred
System
21 Cyclosis There are no Cytoplasm
streaming shows
movements streaming
of cytoplasm movements
22 Protein Transcription Transcription
and translation occurs in
Synthesis take place in nucleus
cytoplasm. and translation
takes place in
cytoplasm.

23 Duration Cell cycle is short, Cell cycle is

of cell takes 20-60 long, takes
cycle minutes 12-24 hours to
to complete. complete.
 CONCLUSION
Cellarebasicunitoforganizationorstructureof
alllivingmatter
Therearetwotypesofcell,thatareprokaryotic
andeukaryoticcell
Therearearesomanydifferenceinbetween
themincludeoccurance,size,cellwall,nucleus
,nuclearmembrane,cellorganellesrespiration,
sexualsystem,proteinsynthesis.
 REFERENCE

Prescott LM Harley JP and Klein DA-

Microbiology
John Webster-Introduction to fungi
Voet and voet
Tortora-Microbiology an introduction
Pelczar Jr.MJ Chan,Ecs and Kreig-
Microbiology
Lehningers principle of biochemistry