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temu kedua
2013
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The Expanding Universe
Light from galaxies has been observed to be
red shifted.
Edwin Hubble (1929) recognized that the red shift
of light from galaxies is a result of the Doppler
Effect.
He concluded galaxies are moving away at great
speed.
Curiously, no galaxies were found heading toward
Earth.
That all galaxies have a red shift led to the
development of the Expanding Universe Theory,
which led to the Big Bang Theory.
Big Bang Theory
The concept of an expanding Universe led to
the question When did it all begin?
Based on the rate of expansion of the Universe,
astrophysicists have concluded that:
All of the mass and energy in the universe was
packed into a single microscopic point.
It exploded 13.7 Ga and has been expanding ever
since.
Cosmic Background Radiation
In 1965, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson of
Bell Telephone Laboratories made the second
important observation that provided strong
evidence for the Big Bang.
They discovered a pervasive background
radiation of 2.7 Kelvin (-270.3 degrees Celsius)
above absolute zero everywhere in the Universe.
This background radiation is thought to be the
fading afterglow of the Big Bang.
Big Bang Model
Initial state:
No matter existed
Universe consisted of pure energy
formed a rotating
disk
concentrated 90%
of material in
center part of disk
forming a solar nebula
with an embryonic Sun
surrounded by a rotating cloud
Nebular Hypothesis of Solar System Formation
Embryonic Sun and Rotating Cloud
Planetesimals formed
and collided and grew in size and mass
The Planets
Earth Uranus
Mars Neptune
At plate boundaries
plates diverge,
plates converge,
plates slide sideways past each other
Plate Tectonic Theory
Types of plate boundaries
Plate Tectonic Theory
Influence on geological sciences:
Revolutionary concept
major milestone, comparable to Darwins theory of
evolution in biology
Provides a framework for
interpreting many aspects of Earth on a global scale
relating many seemingly unrelated phenomena
in the mantle
and in turn drives mountain building
and associated igneous and metamorphic activity
Arrangement of continents affects
solar heating and cooling,
Atmosphere