The Cell

The Organisms Basic Unit of Structure and Function

Types
of cells
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Micro-organisms All other forms

of life
 Cell Theory
1- All organisms are composed of one or
more of cells.

2- Cell is the basic unit of life.

3- The new cell arises only from pre-

existing cell.
2
 1). Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
differ in size and complexity

Similarities

All cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane.

The semi-fluid substance within the cell is called cytosol,

containing the cell organelles.

All cells contain chromosomes which have genes in the form of DNA.

All cells have tiny organelles called Ribosomes that make proteins.
 Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in
size and complexity

All cells are surrounded by a plasma

membrane.
The semifluid substance within the membrane
is the cytosol, containing the organelles.
All cells contain chromosomes which have
genes in the form of DNA.
All cells also have ribosomes, tiny organelles
that make proteins using the instructions
contained in genes.
 A major difference between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells is the location of
chromosomes.

In an eukaryotic cell, chromosomes are

contained in a membrane-enclosed organelle,
the nucleus.
In a prokaryotic cell, the DNA is concentrated
in the nucleoid without a membrane
separating it from the rest of the cell.
(A)- Prokaryotes

Micro-organisms
 Types of Prokaryotes

Prokaryotes

Bacteria Archaea
- Exist in most - Exist in extreme environments
environments (hot and salty)

They are differing in some other structural, biochemical

and physiological characteristics
Fig. 7.4 The prokaryotic cell is much simpler in structure, lacking a nucleus and the other
membrane-enclosed organelles of the eukaryotic cell.
 In eukaryote cells, the chromosomes are
contained within a membranous nuclear
envelope.
The region between the nucleus and the
plasma membrane is the cytoplasm.
All the material within the plasma membrane of
a prokaryotic cell is cytoplasm.
Within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell is
a variety of membrane-bounded organelles
of specialized form and function.
These membrane-bounded organelles are
absent in prokaryotes.
 Eukaryotic cells are generally much bigger
than prokaryotic cells.
The logistics of carrying out metabolism set
limits on cell size.
At the lower limit, the smallest bacteria,
mycoplasmas, are between 0.1 to 1.0 micron.
Most bacteria are 1-10 microns in diameter.
Eukaryotic cells are typically 10-100 microns in
diameter.
 binary fission in bacteria

Cell division
involves inward
growth of the
plasma
membrane,
dividing the parent
cell into two
daughter cells,
each with a
complete genome.
B- Eukaryotic Cell

13
 Internal membranes compartmentalize the
functions of a eukaryotic cell

An eukaryotic cell has internal membranes, which partition the cell into
compartments .

These membranes also participate in metabolism as many enzymes are

built into membranes.

The general structure of a biological membrane is a double layer of

phospholipids and diverse proteins.

Each type of membrane has a unique combination of lipids and proteins

for its specific functions.
For example, those in the membranes of mitochondria function in
cellular respiration.
 B- Eukaryotic Cell
Eu: True
Karyon: Nucleus

Animal Cell Plant Cell

What are the functions of cell organelles ?

Compare between Animal and Plant cell?
Euokaryotes: Euo = true karyot =
nucleus . Plant and animals have
real nucleus, surrounded with
nuclear membrane.
-The Bacteria and the viruss have
no real nucleus they contain
nucleiod region (no nuclear
membrane) were the very simple
genetic material (DNA or
chromosome)
-The prokaryotic cells (bacteria and Fig. 7.8
viruses) also have a very simples Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

cell structure cell wall, cell

membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes
and nucleiod area for a very simple
genetic material (DNA or RNA) and
cilia or flagella.
The euokayotic cells have a very
complex structure and many cell
organelles (Look at the book page 112. 6th ed.)
17
18
 Prokaryotes
Prokaryote means before a nucleus
No internal membrane-bound organelles
just one little bag of cytoplasm
No nucleus
Usually single-celled (may form simple
colonies)
May or may not require oxygen for survival.
Earliest types of cells on Earth
Cell type of all bacteria and Archaea
Much tougher than eukaryotes
Can survive almost anywhere and do!
Have much greater genetic diversity than
eukaryotes
Have a cell wall surrounding the cell membrane
(different chemistry from plant cell wall)
 Summary of differences!
Prokaryotic Cells
small cells (< 5 mm)
always unicellular
no nucleus or any membrane-
bound organelles
DNA is circular, without proteins
ribosomes are small (70S)
no cytoskeleton
cell division is by binary fission
reproduction is always asexual
Eukaryotic cells
larger cells (> 10 mm)
often multicellular
always have nucleus and other
membrane-bound organelles
DNA is linear and associated with
proteins to form chromatin
ribosomes are large (80S)
always has a cytoskeleton
cell division is by mitosis or
meiosis
reproduction is asexual or sexual