Units of Concentration

A solution is a homogeneous
mixture of one substance (the
solute) dissolved in another
substance (the solvent).
Concentration is a ratio of the
amount of solute to the amount
of solvent.
 Units of Concentration

Percent volume
% volume = volume solute (ml) x 100
volume solution (ml)
Percent mass
% mass = mass solute (g) x 100
mass solution (g)

Solution = solvent + solute

 Units of Concentration

Example 1:
What is the percent by volume concentration of a
solution in which 75.0 ml of ethanol is diluted to a
volume of 250.0 ml?

75.0 ml x 100 = 30.0%

250.0 ml
 Units of Concentration

Example 2:
What volume of acetic acid is present in a bottle containing
350.0 ml of a solution which measures 5.00%
concentration?

x = 0.05
350.0 ml

x = 17.5 ml
 Units of Concentration

Example 3:
Find the percent by mass in which 41.0 g of NaCl is
dissolved in 331 grams of water.

41 g x 100 = 11.0%
372 g
 Units of Concentration

Molarity (M) is the most common unit of

concentration
Molarity is an expression of moles/Liter of
the solute.
 Units of Concentration

A mole is the SI unit of number of particles and

can be used as an expression of the molecular
weight of a substance.

The formula weight of an

element is expressed as
grams/mole
 Units of Concentration

The molar mass of a compound can be

calculated by adding the molar mass of the
individual elements.

22.99 + 35.45 = 58.44 g/mol

 Making Solutions

You just calculated the molar mass of sodium

chloride to be 58.44 g/mol.
To determine how to make a stock solution of
sodium chloride, use the formula:

g = M x L x molar mass
 Making Solutions
How many grams of NaCl would you need to prepare
200.0 mL of a 5 M solution?
g = M x L x molar mass
g = (5mol/L) (0.2L) (58.44g/mol)
g = 58.44 g
 Diluting Solutions

Often once you have made a stock

solution, you need to dilute it to a working
concentration.
To determine how to dilute the stock
solution, use the formula:
C1 concentration of stock
C1V1 = C2V2 C2 - concentration of diluted solution
V1 volume needed of stock
V2 final volume of dilution
 Diluting Solutions

Example 5:
How many milliliters of a 5 M stock solution of NaCl are
needed to prepare 100 ml of a 0.4 M solution?

C1 V1 = C2 V2
(5) V1 = (0.4)(100)
V1= 8 ml
 Diluting Solutions

Serial Dilutions are dilutions made in series (for

example, if you needed to make solutions that
were 2M, 1M, 0.5M, and 0.25 M)
The formula for serial dilutions is:

Dilution Factor = (V1 + V2) V1 volume of solution being diluted

V1 V2 volume of solvent
 Units of Concentration

Example 6:
Propose a method to prepare 100 ml of a 0.5 M glucose
solution from a 5 M glucose solution.
10 = (v1 + 100)
v1

10v1 = v1 + 100
-v1 -v1
9v1 = 100
9 9

v1 = 11.1 ml of 5 M glucose + 100 ml H2O

Diluting Solutions

Dilutions tutorial