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BASIC ELECTRICITY
TRAINING
OBJECTIVES
Types of energy-
- Electrical energy
- Heat energy
- Atomic energy
- Mechanical energy
IN TURN THESE
Molecule MOLECULES ARE MADE UP
OF ATOMS
ELECTRONS IN ORBIT
PROTONS MAINTAIN A
POSITIVE POLARITY +ve
NEUTRONS DO NOT
HAVE ANY POLARITY
(are neutral)
What is Electricity
Three factor determine whether or not the Atom is a good or bad
CONDUCTOR
(1) The number of electrons in the outer orbit.
2) The distance of the outer orbit from the Nucleus of the Atom.
(3) The density of the atoms within the element.
Rules
If the Atom has only one orbit,maximum number of electrons on orbit is two.
If Atom has more than one orbit maximum number of electrons on outer orbit is eight.
Gold, Silver and Copper have only one electron on their outer orbit Mercury has two,
Aluminium has three and remember Carbon has four.
ELECTRONS IN ORBIT
NUCLEUS
What is Electricity
COPPER ATOM ( good Conductor)
29 protons 29 electrons.
But only one loose electron On The outer orbit
CARBON ATOM.
ATOM 4 ELECTRONS ON THE OUTER ORBIT ELECTRONS IN ORBIT
(semi conductor)
NUCLEUS
PROTONS IN NUCLEUS
What is Electricity
An excess of electrons creates a negative charge.
The absence of electrons creates a positive charge
Normally an enormous number of Electrons flow.The basic unit of electric charge is the coulomb.
ONE COLOUMB EQUALS 6.25 X 1018 ELECTRONS,or 6,250,000,000,000,000,0000
Conventional flow
load
switch
+ -
Anode\positive Cathode\negative
battery
battery post
Electron flow
Conventional flow
load
switch
+ -
Anode\positive
battery
battery post
The loss of an electron by an atom makes it a positive ion, therefore it will attract an electron from a
neighbouring atom,to again become balanced.
Basics of electricity
Electricity-
Current -
- Flow of electron.
- Conventional current is in opposite direction.
- High voltage to low voltage.
- Unit of current is ampere.
- Current is measured by ammeter, Connected in
series.
- Polarity in DC
6
Basics of electricity-
VOLTAGE
CURRENT
Voltage is measured in units called volts . The symbol for Voltage is E and the symbol for volt is
Basics of electricity
Resistance -
- Opposes flow of current.
- Unit is ohms.
- Measured by ohm meter connected across it.
- Depends upon type of material, area & length.
- Produces heat when current flows through it.
- Fixed and variable resistor (potentiometer).
10
FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY
RESISTANCE
RESISTANCE (OHMS).
Resistance is a restriction to current flow.
Increasing resistance will reduce flow of current.
Amps
electrons
Basics of electricity
Inductor -
- Coil of wire.
- Opposes change in current.
- Used to create magnetic field for rotation.
- Unit is henry.
- Open and short inductor.
27
Basics of electricity
Capacitor -
-C=Q/V
V= I x R
I = V/ R
R=V/I
E E
I R I R
E E
I R I R
Basics of electricity-
DC power -
- Power in DC circuit is P = V x I =I x R x I
- 1 hp = 0.746 kilowatts.
- Measured by wattmeter.
DC POWER
P
APPLICATION OF THE POWER FORMULA. V I
To find the power consumed by the resistor , the total current
(I t) has to be found first.
It = Va\R1
It = 10 volts \ 10 ohms +
It = 1 AMP. Va=10V R1
-
The power used by the resistor can then be found by :
P = It x Vt
P = 1 amp x 10 volts
P = 10 Watts
DC POWER
P = Horsepower x 0.746 Kw
P = 50 Horsepower x 0.746 Kw
P = 37.3 Kw
Therefore a 50 Hp motor will consume 37.3 Kw of power
Basics of electricity
AC Power-
18
ELECTRICAL TERM
Series circuit -
- One path for current flow.
- Can have more than one load (e.g. resistance).
- Total load is sum of individual loads.
- Some voltage loss takes place across each load
and is called as voltage drop.
- Sum of voltage drops across each load is equal
to applied voltage.
- Current through each load is same.
- Open and short.
- Example - Chain of small bulbs.
20
OPEN AND SHORT CIRCUIT
SHORT CIRCUITS occur when current does not go through its
intended path.This usually happens in circuits that have
improper wiring or defective electrical components.
+
R1
R2
R3
Most current will flows through short .
no current will flow through R2 or R3
FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY
AMPERES SEVERE BURNS
1.0 6 AMPS TO
SOLENOID
DEATH
DIFFICULT
0.2 BREATHING
200 mA
OUCH !
0.01 IT TINGLES
100 mA
ROTARY SWITCH.
To turn the meter on , turn the rotary switch from the OFF position .
The meter performs a selftest , then starts taking readings.
DIGITAL MULTIMETER DESCRIPTION
VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT
Ranges
0 to1000 Volts dc
0 to 750 Volts ac
DIGITAL MULTIMETER DESCRIPTION
RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT
Ranges
320.0 ohms
thro
32.00 Mohms.
CURRENT MEASUREMENT
Measure in series with
item to be measured
Ranges
AC. 320 mAmps &
10 Amps
DC. 320 mAmps &
10 Amps.
DIGITAL MULTIMETER DESCRIPTION
DIODE TEST
Range
2 Volts dc.
Continuity test.
Bleep while
resistance is below
150 ohms
The Electrical Circuit
An electrical circuit can be compared to a simple hydraulic circuit.
Amperes
Resistive load -
- In DC circuit (fig) the voltage and current waveforms
are straight lines because voltage is constant.
- In AC circuit with pure resistance,voltage and current
are always in phase.
- Power consumed in DC circuit is constant as
voltage and current are constant.
- An AC ckt. that has only resistance produces a
positive power curve.
Basics of electricity-
Resistive load -
- In DC circuit (fig) the voltage and current waveforms
are straight lines because voltage is constant.
Inductive load -
- An inductor is a coil of wire. A common inductive
load is an electric motor.
- Current lag behind voltage by 900 since voltage
is max at 900 while current is zero.
- Produce both positive and negative power. These
powers are equal in amplitude so their sum will
equal to zero.
- The inductor does not use real power still generator
supply it with voltage and current .
- So efficiency is lowered.
37
Basics of electricity
Capacitive load-
- A capacitor opposes change in voltage.
- Current lead voltage by 900 since voltage across it
is zero and the current is maximum.
- Produce both positive and negative power. These
powers are equal in amplitude so their sum will
equal to zero.
- The capacitor does not use real power still generator
supply it with voltage and current .
- So efficiency is lowered. 39