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Dr Ehsan Nikbakht
Email: ehsan.nikbakht@petronas.com.my
Ph: 05 368 7317
Room: 14.03.21
VCB 3022 Design of Steel Structures
Assessment:
3 Assignments 11%
3 Quizzes 15%
2 Tests 24%
Final Examination (3 hours) 50%
VCB 3022 Design of Steel Structures
Contact hours
Tutorials
Contact Details
Email: ehsan.nikbakht@petronas.com.my
Ph: 05 368 7317
Room: 14.03.21
QUIZ 1 5 5
17 QUIZ 2 5 5
QUIZ 3 5 5
ASSIGNMENT 1 4 4
13 ASSIGNMENT 2 4 4
ASSIGNMENT 3 3 3
TEST 1 6 6 12
20
TEST 2 6 6 12
FEQ 1 15 15
FEQ 2 15 15
50
FEQ3 10 10
FEQ 4 10 10
100 25 35 25 15 100
References
Main Reference:
Lawrence Martin and John Purkiss (2008), Structural Design of Steelwork to
EN 1993 and EN 1994, Butterworth Heineman.
The Institution of Structural Engineers and The Institution of Civil Engineers,
MAY 2000, Manual for the design of steelwork building structures to EC3.
Additional Texts
N.S. Trahair, M.A. Bradford, D.A. Nethercot and L.Gardener (2008), The
behavior and Design of Steel Structures to EC3, Taylor and Francis, London,
Fourth Edition.
BS EN 1990-1-1:2002 Eurocode Basis of Structural Design, British
Standards.
BS EN 1993-1-1:2005 Eurocode 3 Design of Steel Structures Part 1-1:
General rules and rules for buildings, British Standards.
BS EN 1993-1-8:2005, Eurocode 3: Design of Steel structures Part 1-8:
Design of joints, British Standards.
Introduction
What is Structural steel?
Structural steel
steel available in various shapes and forms
utilised to support loads and resist the various forces to
which a structure is subjected.
Why often steel is the construction material of choice
for tall structures?
Speed on site.
Economy.
Flexibility.
Adaptability.
Predictability.
Precision.
Health and safety.
Sustainability.
Recyclability.
Lightness of structure.
Long span.
Youngs Modulus
GPa
Elastomers <0.2
Depending on
Timber 0.2 20 direction of
loading
Earth Highly variable depending on void ratio
Bricks 2 - 10
earth
and ceramics Concrete 20 - 50
Glass 50 - 80
Aluminium 70 - 80
metals
Iron and Steel 200
Stiffness and Strength
Ultimate strength
Yield strength
Yield strength
s s
Cast iron Mild steel s
Glass
e
e e
E=s/e
Ultimate strength
Ultimate strength
Yield strength
Yield strength
s s
Aluminum alloys copper
0.002 e e
(0.2%)
Advantages of Steel:
High strength to low weight - good for long span bridges, tall
buildings
Uniformity-properties do not change with time unlike concrete
Elasticity behaves closer to design assumptions than most materials
follows Hookes law to fairly high stress
Ductility withstand extensive deformation without failure under
high tensile stress free from sudden failure
Time saving
Flexibility in fabrication
Reuse on demolition
Disadvantages of Steel:
Maintenance cost corrosion requires periodic treatment
Fire proofing strength tremendously reduced at high temperature
high cost of fire proofing
Susceptibility to buckling for long slender members
Fatigue strength reduced if large number of stress reversals
General Steel Properties
The important characteristics of steel for design
purposes are:
yield stress (Fy)
ultimate stress (Fu).tensile strength
modulus of elasticity (E)
percent elongation (e)
coefficient of thermal expansion ()
Design of Steel Structures
Detailed design:
involves detailed design of the chosen structure
The detailed also requires these attributes but is usually more
dependent upon a thorough understanding of the codes of practice
for structural design namely EC2 and EC3
These documents are based on the experience of many generations
of engineers, and the results of research. They help to ensure safety
and economy of construction, and that mistakes are not repeated.
column
beam
16
beam
connection
column
17
Design Codes
Which code to follow for design of steel structures?
19
Structural Steels Grades in Use
20
Object of Structural Design
Alternatives
Several alternative designs should be prepared and their
costs compared 21
Plastic Design
Utilises strength of steel beyond yield point
The structure may be loaded beyond the yield point
The ultimate load is reached when these conditions
cease to exist and thus the structure collapses
Plastic design is concerned with an allowable load,
which equals the ultimate load divided by an
appropriate factor called the load factor.
22
Limit State Concept in Design
Stated in cl 2.2 EN 1993-1-1 2005 :Eurocode 3 Design of
Steel Structures Part 1-1: General rules and rules for
buildings, British Standards
23
Limit states
26
Limit State Design
Also called LRFD (Load and Resistance Factor Design) in USA.
Elastic design (ASD) has been the primary method used for steel design since the first
AISC specifications was issued in 1923.
In 1986, AISC issued the first specification for LRFD.
The trend today is toward LRFD method, but ASD is still in use.
The structure is deemed to be satisfactory if its design load effect does not
exceed its design resistance
Design load effect Design resistance
(effect of specified loads x g,Q) specified resistance / M factor
The partial factors are obtained using probabilistic models based on statistical
distributions of loads and structural capacity
Each load effect (DL, LL, ..)has a different load factor which its value depends
on the combination of loads under consideration. 27
ACTIONS
BS EN 1990:2002 : ACTIONS ARE A SET OF FORCES (LOADS)
applied to a structure ,or/and deformations produced by
temperature , settlement or earthquakes
Values of actions are obtained by determining characteristic
or representative values of loads or forces
Ideally, loads applied to a structure during its working life,
should be analysed statistically and a characteristic load is
determined.
28
Classification of Actions
PERMANENT ACTIONS (G)
are due to weight of the structure i.e. walls, permanent partitions, floors,
roofs, finishes and services
The actual weights of materials (Gk) should be used in design calculations; but if not
known use density in kN/m3 from EN 1991-1:2002.
Also included in this group are water and soil pressures, forces due to settlement etc
VARIABLE ACTIONS (Q)
Imposed floor Loads (Qk) are variable actions; given for various
dwellings in EN 1991-1-1:2002.
These loads include a small allowance for impact and other dynamic
effects that may occur in normal occupancy. Do not include forces
resulting from the acceleration and braking of vehicles or movement of
crowds. The loads are usually given as distributed loads or an
alternative concentrated load
Wind Actions (Wk) : Are variable but for convenience are expressed as static
pressures in EN 1991-1-4(2002).
Thermal effects need to be considered for chimneys, cooling towers, tanks and
cold storage services. Classified as indirect variable actions. 29
Actions / Loads
Actions to be taken for adequate performance in fire
ACCIDENTAL ACTIONS(A)
Accidental actions during execution include scaffolding,
props and bracing (EN 1991-1-6:2002). These may involve
consideration of construction loads, instability and collapse
prior to completion of the project
Earthquake Loads (the effects of ground motion are
simulated by a system of horizontal forces):EN1998-8(2004)
Actions induced by cranes and machinery : EN 1991-3(2004)
Impact and Explosions covered in EN 1991-1-7(2004).
30
Characteristic and Design Load
When checking the safety of a member, the designer cannot be certain about
the load the member must carry because (a) of the variability of the occupancy
or environmental loading, and (b) because of unforeseen circumstances which
may lead to an increase in the general level of loading, errors in analysis, errors
during construction etc
Item (a) is allowed by using the characteristic value.
Characteristic Load: is the representation of the real load, which is defined as the
load with 95% probability of not being exceeded throughout its lifetime
Therefore the characteristic loads are normally taken to be the design loads from
other codes of practice : BS 648 and BS 6399.
Design Load is the value used in design calculations product of characteristic
load and partial safety factors in order to increase reliability
31
Combinations of Design Actions
32
Properties of materials
Design strength
33
34
Grading
Assessment Component Percentage of Marks
2 Tests 24%