Physical and chemical changes

two types of changes involved in matter:

*physical changes

*Chemical changes
Physical Changes

1.physical change are defined as the changes that only

affect the physical properties of substances.
2. the characteristics of physical change are:

involves only physical changes such as shape or size

of a substance.
involves changes in the state of matter;solid,liquid
and gas.
chemicals composition and chemical properties of
substances remain unchanged so that no new
substances is formed.
less energy is needed.
the changes are reversible.
 3.physical changes in our daily life are:
melting of ice:

*Melting of chocolate.
(b)Freezing:
c) evaporation of alcohol or evaporation of
petrol.
(d)Natural water cycle.
(e)Condensation:
(f)Dissolving salt and sugar in water.
(g)Formation of dew on the grass.

4.Physical changes being studied in a laboratary

are:

(a)Sublimation:
 Chemical changes
1. Is the changes that affect the chemical
composition and chemical properties of
the substances.
2. the characteristics of chemical change are:
new substances known as products.
chemical composition and chemical properties
of the new substances are different from the
original substance which is known as reactant.
is usually fixed and irreversible.
needs large amount of energy.
3. Chemical changes in our daily life are:

respiration
burning of paper or fossil fuels produces carbon
dioxide and ash.
digestion of food.
washing dishes with detergent or washing hair using
shampoo.
Change in colour of peeled apple when exposed to air.
decomposition of animal carcasses.
making bread from wheat flour.
photosynthesis.
4. examples of chemical changes being studied in a laboratary
are:
Respiration
Oxygen + glucose --------> carbon dioxide + water vapour +
energy

neutralisation:

Acid + alkali -------> salt + water

electrolysis of water.
 exercise
Identify the changes that occur by writing C for
chemical changes and P for physical process
1. Rusting of iron
2. Burning of kerosene
3. Boiling water
4. Frying egg
5. Photosynthesis
6. Dissolving sugar in water
 7. mashing potato
8. raising cake butter
9. souring of milk
10. water cycle
Topic: Exothermic and endothermic
reactions
Aim: To study endothermic and
exothermic reactions
Problem statement: How do exothermic
and endothermic reactions occur?
Hypothesis: different types of chemical
reactions cause different changes in
temperature
Variable: a) That is constant: Volume of
water
b) That is manipulated: Type of
chemical
c) That is respond: Increase or
decrease in temperature
Material: Sodium hydroxide crystal,
ammonium chloride powder, water
Apparatus: Test tube, thermometer,
spatula
Procedure:
1. 5cmof distilled water was filled into a test tube.
2. The initial temperature of distilled water was
recorded.
3. A few sodium hydroxide crystals were added into the
test tube using spatula.
4. The mixture was stirred until the sodium hydroxide
crystals dissolved.
5. The final temperature of the mixture was then
recorded in the table
6. The outer wall of the test tube was touched
7. The experiment was repeated using ammonium
chloride powder.
 Results:

Material Initial Final Changes of Outer wall of test

temperature temperature temperature tube
of substance of substance
Sodium
hydroxide
crystal
Ammonium
chloride
Analysis:
1. What is the heat change that take place
when sodium hydroxide crystals are added to
distilled water?
_____________________________________

2. What type of chemical reactions has

occurred?
_____________________________________
3. What is the heat changes that take places
when ammonium chloride powder is added to
the distilled water?
______________________________________

4. What type of chemical reaction has

occurred?
_______________________________________
Conclusion:
Hypothesis accepted. An
exothermic reaction is chemical
reactions involves increase in
temperature. An endothermic
reaction is chemical reactions
involves decrease in temperature.