Y
 

All information got from the following

websites:
http://health.allrefer.com/health/diabetes-
info.html
Y


r Yiabetesis a chronic (lifelong) disease

marked by high levels of sugar in the
blood.
¦ 

 



r 0nsulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas to

control blood sugar. Yiabetes can be caused by too
little insulin, resistance to insulin, or both.
r To understand diabetes, it is important to first
understand the normal process by which food is
broken down and used by the body for energy.
Several things happen when food is digested:
± A sugar called glucose enters the bloodstream. Glucose is a
source of fuel for the body.
± An organ called the pancreas makes insulin. The role of
insulin is to move glucose from the bloodstream into
muscle, fat, and liver cells, where it can be used as fuel.
r £eople with diabetes have high blood
sugar. This is because:
± Their pancreas does not make enough
insulin
± Their muscle, fat, and liver cells do not
respond to insulin normally
± Both of the above
G





r Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in childhood. Many patients are diagnosed

when they are older than age 20. 0n this disease, the body makes little or no
insulin. Yaily injections of insulin are needed. The exact cause is unknown.
Genetics, viruses, and autoimmune problems may play a role.
r Type 2 diabetes is far more common than type 1. 0t makes up most of diabetes
cases. 0t usually occurs in adulthood, but young people are increasingly being
diagnosed with this disease. The pancreas does not make enough insulin to
keep blood glucose levels normal, often because the body does not respond well
to insulin. Many people with type 2 diabetes do not know they have it, although it
is a serious condition. Type 2 diabetes is becoming more common due to
increasing obesity and failure to exercise.
r Gestational diabetes is high blood glucose that develops at any time during
pregnancy in a woman who does not have diabetes. Women who have
gestational diabetes are at high risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular
disease later in life.
 




  

r Age over 45 years

r A parent, brother, or sister with diabetes
r Gestational diabetes or delivering a baby weighing more than 9
pounds
r Heart disease
r High blood cholesterol level
r Obesity
r Not getting enough exercise
r £olycystic ovary disease (in women)
r £revious impaired glucose tolerance
r Some ethnic groups (particularly African Americans, Native
Americans, Asians, £acific 0slanders, and Hispanic Americans)
^Y


r Symptoms such as weakness, feeling tired,

shaking, sweating, headache, hunger,
nervousness and irritability are signs that a
person's blood sugar is getting dangerously
low.
r A person showing any of these symptoms
should check their blood sugar. 0f the level is
low (70 mg/dl), a sugar-containing food
should be eaten right away.
^ 
^

High blood levels of glucose can cause several

problems, including:
r Blurry vision
r Excessive thirst
r Fatigue
r Frequent urination
r Hunger
r Weight loss
However, because type 2 diabetes develops
slowly, some people with high blood sugar
experience no symptoms at all.
^GY


r Fatigue
r 0ncreased thirst
r 0ncreased urination
r Nausea
r Vomiting
r Weight loss in spite of increased appetite

£atients with type 1 diabetes usually develop

symptoms over a short period of time. The
condition is often diagnosed in an emergency
setting.
^


r Blurred vision
r Fatigue

r 0ncreased appetite
r 0ncreased thirst

r 0ncreased urination
Y
 
G

r A urine analysis may be used to look for glucose and

ketones from the breakdown of fat. However, a urine
test alone does not diagnose diabetes.

The following blood tests are used to diagnose diabetes:

r Fasting blood glucose level -- diabetes is diagnosed
if higher than 126 mg/dL on two occasions. Levels
between 100 and 126 mg/dL are referred to as
impaired fasting glucose or prediabetes. These levels
are considered to be risk factors for type 2 diabetes
and its complications.
Y
 
G

r Oral glucose tolerance test -- diabetes is diagnosed if

glucose level is higher than 200 mg/dL after 2 hours.
(This test is used more for type 2 diabetes.)
r Random (non-fasting) blood glucose level -- diabetes
is suspected if higher than 200 mg/dL and
accompanied by the classic diabetes symptoms of
increased thirst, urination, and fatigue. (This test
must be confirmed with a fasting blood glucose test.)
r £ersons with diabetes need to have their hemoglobin
A1c (HbA1c) level checked every 3 - 6 months. The
HbA1c is a measure of average blood glucose during
the previous 2 - 3 months. 0t is a very helpful way to
determine how well treatment is working.
G



r The immediate goals are to treat diabetic

ketoacidosis and high blood glucose levels. Because
type 1 diabetes can start suddenly and have severe
symptoms, people who are newly diagnosed may
need to go to the hospital.
r The long-term goals of treatment are to:
r £rolong life
r Reduce symptoms
r £revent diabetes-related complications such as
blindness, heart disease, kidney failure, and
amputation of limbs
G



These goals are accomplished through:

r Blood pressure and cholesterol control
r Careful self testing of blood glucose levels
r Education
r Exercise
r Foot care
r Meal planning and weight control
r Medication or insulin use
There is no cure for diabetes. Treatment
involves medicines, diet, and exercise to
control blood sugar and prevent symptoms.
Õ

  

Basic diabetes management skills will help prevent the need for
emergency care. These skills include:
r How to recognize and treat low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) and
high blood sugar (hyperglycemia)
r What to eat and when
r How to take insulin or oral medication
r How to test and record blood glucose
r How to test urine for ketones (type 1 diabetes only)
r How to adjust insulin or food intake when changing exercise and
eating habits
r How to handle sick days
r Where to buy diabetes supplies and how to store them
r After you learn the basics of diabetes
care, learn how the disease can cause
long-term health problems and the best
ways to prevent these problems.
Review and update your knowledge,
because new research and improved
ways to treat diabetes are constantly
being developed.
^G 

r 0f you have diabetes, your doctor may tell you

to regularly check your blood sugar levels at
home. There are a number of devices
available, and they use only a drop of blood.
Self-monitoring tells you how well diet,
medication, and exercise are working
together to control your diabetes. 0t can help
your doctor prevent complications
^ 

r The American Yiabetes Association

recommends keeping blood sugar
levels in the range of:
r 80 - 120 mg/dL before meals

r 100 - 140 mg/dL at bedtime

r Your doctor may adjust this depending

on your circumstances.
D



r You should work closely with your health care

provider to learn how much fat, protein, and
carbohydrates you need in your diet. A registered
dietician can help you plan your dietary needs.
r £eople with type 1 diabetes should eat at about the
same times each day and try to be consistent with
the types of food they choose. This helps to prevent
blood sugar from becoming extremely high or low.
r £eople with type 2 diabetes should follow a well-
balanced and low-fat diet.
G Y
!

 

r The Yiabetes Food £yramid divides food into

six groups, which vary in size to show relative
amounts of servings for each group.
r This pyramid differs from the Food Guide
£yramid released by the USYA. 0n the
Yiabetes Food £yramid, the groups are
based on protein content and carbohydrates
instead of their food classification.
GY
Y 

r 0f you have type 1 diabetes, it is important to

know how many carbohydrates you eat at a
meal. This information helps you determine
how much insulin you should take with your
meal to maintain blood sugar (glucose)
control.
r The other two major nutrients, protein and fat
,also have an effect on blood glucose levels,
though it is not as rapid or great as
carbohydrates.
GY
Y 

r A delicate balance of carbohydrate intake, insulin,

and physical activity is necessary for the best blood
sugar (glucose) levels. Eating carbohydrates
increase your blood sugar (glucose) level. Exercise
tends to decrease it (although not always). 0f the
three factors are not in balance, you can have wide
swings in blood sugar (glucose) levels.
r 0f you have type 1 diabetes and take a fixed dose of
insulin, the carbohydrate content of your meals and
snacks should be consistent from day to day.
 

Y


r Weight and growth patterns can help determine if a

child with type 1 diabetes is getting enough nutrition.
r Changes in eating habits and more physical activity
help improve blood sugar (glucose) control. For
children with diabetes, special occasions (like
birthdays or Halloween) require additional planning
because of the extra sweets. You may allow your
child to eat sugary foods, but then have fewer
carbohydrates during other parts of that day. For
example, if child eats birthday cake, Halloween
candy, or other sweets, they should NOT have the
usual daily amount of potatoes, pasta, or rice. This
substitution helps keep calories and carbohydrates in
better balance.

!
 

r One of the most challenging aspects of

managing diabetes is meal planning.
Work closely with your doctor and
dietitian to design a meal plan that
maintains near-normal blood sugar
(glucose) levels. The meal plan should
give you or your child the proper
amount of calories to maintain a healthy
body weight.

!
 

r The food you eat increases the amount of glucose in your blood. 0nsulin
decreases blood sugar (glucose). By balancing food and insulin
together, you can keep your blood sugar (glucose) within a normal
range. Keep these points in mind:
r Your doctor or dietitian should review the types of food you or your
child usually eats and build a meal plan from there. 0nsulin use should
be a part of the meal plan. Understand how to time meals for when
insulin will start to work in your the body.
r Be consistent. Meals and snacks should be eaten at the same times
each day. Yo not skip meals and snacks. Keep the amount and types
of food (carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) consistent from day to day.
r Learn how to read food labels to help plan you or your child¶s
carbohydrate intake.
r Use insulin at the same time each day, as directed by the doctor.

!
 

r Monitor blood sugar (glucose) levels. The

doctor will tell you if you need to adjust insulin
doses based on blood sugar (glucose) levels
and the amount of food eaten.
r Having diabetes does not mean you or your
child must completely give up any specific
food, but it does change the kinds of foods
one should eat routinely. Choose foods that
keep blood sugar (glucose) levels in good
control. Foods should also provide enough
calories to maintain a healthy weight.

 

r A registered dietitian can help you best decide how to

balance your diet with carbohydrates, protein, and
fat. Here are some general guidelines:
r The amount of each type of food you should eat
depends on your diet, your weight, how often you
exercise, and other existing health risks. Everyone
has individual needs, which is why you should work
with your doctor and, possibly, a dietitian to develop
a meal plan that works for you.

 

r But there are some reliable general

recommendations to guide you. The Yiabetes Food
£yramid, which resembles the old USYA food guide
pyramid, splits foods into six groups in a range of
serving sizes. 0n the Yiabetes Food £yramid, food
groups are based on carbohydrate and protein
content instead of their food classification type. A
person with diabetes should eat more of the foods in
the bottom of the pyramid (grains, beans, vegetables)
than those on the top (fats and sweets). This diet will
help keep your heart and body systems healthy.

 

r GRA0NS, BEANS, ANY STARCHY

VEGETABLES
r (6 or more servings a day)
r Foods like bread, grains, beans, rice, pasta,
and starchy vegetables are at the bottom of
the pyramid because they should serve as the
foundation of your diet. As a group, these
foods are loaded with vitamins, minerals,
fiber, and healthy carbohydrates.

 

r 0t is important, however, to eat foods with

plenty of fiber. Choose whole-grain foods
such as whole-grain bread or crackers,
tortillas, bran cereal, brown rice, or beans.
Use whole-wheat or other whole-grain flours
in cooking and baking. Choose low-fat
breads, such as bagels, tortillas, English
muffins, and pita bread.

 

r VEGETABLES
r (3 - 5 servings a day)
r Choose fresh or frozen vegetables without added sauces, fats,
or salt. You should opt for more dark green and deep yellow
vegetables, such as spinach, broccoli, romaine, carrots, and
peppers.
r FRU0TS
r (2 - 4 servings a day)
r Choose whole fruits more often than juices. Fruits have more
fiber. Citrus fruits, such as oranges, grapefruits, and tangerines,
are best. Yrink fruit juices that do NOT have added sweeteners
or syrups.

 

r M0LK
r (2 - 3 servings a day)
r Choose low-fat or nonfat milk or yogurt. Yogurt has natural
sugar in it, but it can also contain added sugar or artificial
sweeteners. Yogurt with artificial sweeteners has fewer calories
than yogurt with added sugar.
r MEAT ANY F0SH
r (2 - 3 servings a day)
r Eat fish and poultry more often. Remove the skin from chicken
and turkey. Select lean cuts of beef, veal, pork, or wild game.
Trim all visible fat from meat. Bake, roast, broil, grill, or boil
instead of frying.

 

r FATS, ALCOHOL, ANY SWEETS

r 0n general, you should limit your intake of fatty foods, especially those
high in saturated fat, such as hamburger, cheese, bacon, and butter.
r 0f you choose to drink alcohol, limit the amount and have it with a meal.
Check with your health care provider about a safe amount for you.
r Sweets are high in fat and sugar, so keep portion sizes small. Other
tips to avoid eating too many sweets:
r Ask for extra spoons and forks and split your dessert with others.
r Eat sweets that are sugar-free.
r Always ask for the small serving size.
r You should also know how to read food labels, and consult them when
making food decisions.
 G
 
 

r Medications to treat diabetes include insulin and glucose-

lowering pills called oral hypoglycemic drugs.
r £eople with type 1 diabetes cannot make their own insulin. They
need daily insulin injections. 0nsulin does not come in pill form.
0njections are generally needed one to four times per day. Some
people use an insulin pump. 0t is worn at all times and delivers a
steady flow of insulin throughout the day. Other people may use
inhaled insulin. See also: Type 1 diabetes
r Unlike type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes may respond to
treatment with exercise, diet, and medicines taken by mouth.
There are several types of medicines used to lower blood
glucose in type 2 diabetes. See also: Type 2 diabetes
r Medications may be switched to insulin during pregnancy and
while breastfeeding.
r Gestational diabetes may be treated with exercise and changes
in diet.
"
 

Regular exercise is especially important

for people with diabetes. 0t helps with
blood sugar control, weight loss, and
high blood pressure. £eople with
diabetes who exercise are less likely to
experience a heart attack or stroke than
those who do not exercise regularly.
 


"
 
 

 

r Always check with your doctor before starting a new exercise program.
r Ask your doctor or nurse if you have the right footwear.
r Choose an enjoyable physical activity that is appropriate for your
current fitness level.
r Exercise every day, and at the same time of day, if possible.
r Monitor blood glucose levels before and after exercise.
r Carry food that contains a fast-acting carbohydrate in case you
become hypoglycemic during or after exercise.
r Carry a diabetes identification card and a cell phone in case of
emergency.
r Yrink extra fluids that do not contain sugar before, during, and after
exercise.
r You may need to change your diet or medication dose if you change
your exercise intensity or duration to keep blood sugar levels from
going too high or low.




r £eople with diabetes are more likely to have foot

problems. Yiabetes can damage blood vessels and
nerves and decrease the body's ability to fight
infection. You may not notice a foot injury until an
infection develops. Yeath of skin and other tissue
can occur.
r 0f left untreated, the affected foot may need to be
amputated. Yiabetes is the most common condition
leading to amputations.
r To prevent injury to the feet, check and care for your
feet every day.




r 0f you have diabetes you are more likely to have foot problems.
Yiabetes can damage your nerves (See: Yiabetic neuropathy).
This, in turn, may make you less able to feel an injury or
pressure on the skin of your foot. You may not notice a foot
injury until severe damage or infection develops.
r Yiabetes changes your body's ability to fight infections. Yamage
to blood vessels because of diabetes results in less blood and
oxygen getting to your feet. Because of this, small sores or
breaks in the skin may become deeper skin ulcers. The affected
limb may need to be amputated when these skin ulcers do not
improve, get larger, or go deeper into the skin.




0f you have diabetes, you should:

r 0mprove control of your blood sugar
r Stop smoking
r Get a foot exam by your health care provider
at least twice a year and learn whether you
have nerve damage.
r Check and care for your feet every day,
especially if you already have known nerve or
blood vessel damage or current foot
problems. Follow the instructions below.




r Ask your health care provider if it is okay for you to trim your
nails. 0f it is, ask your health care provider to show you the
safest way. 0f your toenails are not trimmed correctly, you may
get a foot sore or ulcer.
r Soak your feet in lukewarm water to soften your nails before
trimming.
r Cut the nail straight across, because curved nails are more likely
to become ingrown.
r Avoid sitting with legs crossed or standing in one position for
long periods of time.
r 0f you smoke, stop. 0t decreases blood flow to the feet.




r YA0LY CARE ROUT0NE

r Check your feet every day. Look carefully at the top, sides, soles,
heels, and between the toes.
r Wash your feet every day with lukewarm water and mild soap. Strong
soaps may damage the skin.
r Test the temperature of the water with your fingers or elbows before
putting your feet in warm or hot water. Because of your diabetes, you
may not be able to sense if the water is too hot. Burns can easily occur.
r Gently and thoroughly dry your feet, particularly between your toes.
0nfections can develop in moist areas.
r Your feet may become very dry and may crack, possibly causing an
infection. After bathing your feet, soften dry skin with lotion, petroleum
jelly, lanolin, or oil. Yo not put lotion between your toes.




r T0£S ON SHOES ANY SOCKS

r Wear shoes at all times to protect your feet
from injury. Otherwise, if you have poor vision
and less ability to feel pain, you may not
notice minor cuts or bumps.
r Check the inside of your shoes for rough
areas or torn pieces that can cause irritation.
r Change your shoes after 5 hours of wearing
them during the day. This changes the
pressure points during the course of the day.




r The type of shoes you wear when you have diabetes is

important:
r Wear comfortable, well-fitting shoes that have plenty of room in
them. Never buy shoes that do not fit properly, hoping the shoes
will stretch with time. Nerve damage may prevent you from
being able to sense pressure from improperly fitting shoes.You
may need a special shoe made to fit your foot.
r Wear shoes made out of canvas, leather, or suede. Yo not wear
shoes made out of plastic, or another material that does not
breathe. Yo not wear thong sandals.
r Wear shoes you can easily adjust. They should have laces,
Velcro, or buckles.
r Yo not wear shoes with pointed or open toes, such as high
heels, flip-flops, or sandals.




r Socks may provide an extra layer of

protection between your shoe and your foot.
r Wear clean dry socks or nonbinding panty
hose every day.
r Yo NOT wear stockings with seams that can
cause pressure points.
r Wear socks to bed if your feet are cold. 0n
cold weather, wear warm socks and limit your
exposure to the cold to preventfrostbite.




r MORE HEL£FUL T0£S

r Yo NOT use antiseptic solutions on your feet because these can burn
and injure skin.
r Yo NOT apply a heating pad or hot water bottle to your feet. Avoid hot
pavement or hot sandy beaches.
r Remove shoes and socks during visits to your health care provider.
This is a reminder that you need a foot exam.
r Yo NOT treat corns or calluses yourself using over-the-counter
remedies. Make an appointment with a podiatrist to treat foot problems.
r 0f obesity prevents you from being physically able to inspect your feet,
ask a family member, neighbor, or visiting nurse to perform this
important check.
r Report sores or other changes to your doctor immediately. Report all
blisters, bruises, cuts, sores, or areas of redness.
!
 # "
 $

r With good blood glucose and blood pressure

control, many of the complications of diabetes
can be prevented.
r Studies have shown that strict control of blood
sugar, cholesterol, and blood pressure levels
in persons with diabetes helps reduce the risk
of kidney disease, eye disease, nervous
system disease, heart attack, and stroke.
 
 
 
 

r Yiabetic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar coma

r Yiabetic ketoacidosis
r Long-term complications include:
r Atherosclerosis
r Coronary artery disease
r Yiabetic nephropathy
r Yiabetic neuropathy
r Yiabetic retinopathy
r Erection problems
r Hyperlipidemia
Ô

 

 Ô 
 

r Go to the emergency room or call the local

emergency number (such as 911) if you have
symptoms of ketoacidosis:
r Abdominal pain
r Yeep and rapid breathing
r 0ncreased thirst and urination
r Loss of consciousness
r Nausea
r Sweet-smelling breath




Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number

(such as 911) if you have symptoms of extremely low blood
sugar (hypoglycemic coma or severe insulin reaction):
r Confusion
r Convulsions or unconsciousness
r Yizziness
r Youble vision
r Yrowsiness
r Headache
r Lack of coordination
r Weakness
r
Y



The following sites provide further information on diabetes:

r American Yiabetes Association - www.diabetes.org
r Juvenile Yiabetes Research Foundation 0nternational - www.jdrf.org
r National Center for Chronic Yisease £revention and Health £romotion -
www.cdc.gov/diabetes/
r National Yiabetes Education £rogram - http://ndep.nih.gov/
r National Yiabetes 0nformation Clearinghouse - www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov
r See the following for information on diabetes-related complications:
r Blindness resources
r Yiabetic neuropathy
± American Chronic £ain Association - www.theacpa.org
± National 0nstitute of Neurological Yisorders and Stroke -
www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/diabetic/diabetic.htm
r Kidney disease resources
!
  

r Maintaining an ideal body weight and an active lifestyle may prevent

type 2 diabetes.
r Currently there is no way to prevent type 1 diabetes.
r There is no effective screening test for type 1 diabetes in people who
don't have symptoms.
r Screening for type 2 diabetes and people with no symptoms is
recommended for:
r Overweight children who have other risk factors for diabetes starting at
age 10 and repeating every 2 years
r Overweight adults (BM0 greater than 25) who have other risk factors
r Adults over 45, repeated every 3 years
r To prevent complications of diabetes, visit your health care provider or
diabetes educator at least four times a year. Talk about any problems
you are having.
!
  

r To prevent complications of diabetes, visit your health care provider or diabetes educator at
least four times a year. Talk about any problems you are having.
r Regularly have the following tests:
r Have your blood pressure checked every year (blood pressure goals should be 130/80
mm/Hg or lower).
r Have your glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) checked every 6 months if your diabetes is
well controlled, otherwise every 3 months.
r Have your cholesterol and triglyceride levels checked yearly (aim for LYL levels below 100
mg/dL).
r Get yearly tests to make sure your kidneys are working well (microalbuminuria and serum
creatinine).
r Visit your ophthalmologist (preferably one who specializes in diabetic retinopathy) at least
once a year, or more often if you have signs of diabetic retinopathy.
r See the dentist every 6 months for a thorough dental cleaning and exam. Make sure your
dentist and hygienist know that you have diabetes.
r Make sure your health care provider inspects your feet at each visit.
r Stay up-to-date with all of your vaccinations and get a flu shot every year in the fall.
%&% 

r To treat low blood sugar the 15/15 rule is usually applied. Eat 15 grams
of carbohydrate and wait 15 minutes. The following foods will provide
about 15 grams of carbohydrate:
r 3 glucose tablets
r Half cup (4 ounces) of fruit juice or regular soda
r 6 or 7 hard candies
r 1 tablespoon of sugar
r After the carbohydrate is eaten, the person should wait about 15
minutes for the sugar to get into their blood. 0f the person does not feel
better within 15 minutes more carbohydrate can be consumed. Their
blood sugar should be checked to make sure it has come within a safe
range.

r Source: http://health.allrefer.com/pictures-images/15-15-rule.html
^

 

r All food that you eat turns to sugar in your

body. Carbohydrate-containing foods alter
your sugar levels more than any other type of
food. Carbohydrates are found in starchy or
sugary foods, such as bread, rice, pasta,
cereal, potatoes, peas, corn, fruit, fruit juice,
milk, yogurt, cookies, candy, soda, and other
sweets.
^ 

 



r Simple carbohydrates are broken down

quickly by the body to be used as energy.
Simple carbohydrates are found naturally in
foods such as fruits, milk, and milk products.
They are also found in processed and refined
sugars such as candy, table sugar, syrups,
and soft drinks. The majority of carbohydrate
intake should come from complex
carbohydrates (starches) and naturally
occurring sugars rather than processed or
refined sugars.
 "

 



r Complex carbohydrates are made up of sugar molecules that are

strung together in long, complex chains. Complex carbohydrates are
found in foods such as peas, beans, whole grains, and vegetables.
Both simple and complex carbohydrates are turned to glucose (blood
sugar) in the body and are used as energy. Glucose is used in the cells
of the body and in the brain. Any unused glucose is stored in the liver
and muscles as glycogen for use later.
r Complex carbohydrate foods provide vitamins, minerals, and fiber that
are important to the health of an individual. The majority of
carbohydrates should come from complex carbohydrates (starches)
and naturally occurring sugars, rather than processed or refined
sugars, which do not have the vitamins, minerals, and fiber found in
complex and natural carbohydrates. Refined sugars are often called
"empty calories" because they have little to no nutritional value.
Π '

r After being diagnosed with diabetes, the

first goals are to eliminate the
symptoms and stabilize your blood
glucose levels. The ongoing goals are
to prevent long-term complications and
prolong your life. The primary treatment
for type 2 diabetes is exercise and diet.
^ 

Y


r Oral sulfonylureas (like glimepiride,

glyburide, and tolazamide) trigger the
pancreas to make more insulin.
G
(   

r Thiazolidinediones (such as
rosiglitazone) help insulin work better at
the cell site. 0n essence, they increase
the cell's sensitivity (responsiveness) to
insulin.
' 
 

r Biguanides (Metformin) tell the liver to

decrease its production of glucose,
which lowers glucose levels in the
bloodstream.

  
)  


r Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (such as

acarbose) decrease the absorption of
carbohydrates from the digestive tract,
thereby lowering the after-meal glucose
levels.
^


r http://health.allrefer.com/health/diabetes
-diet-info.html
r http://health.allrefer.com/health/diabetes
-treatment.html