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Theory
Miao Li
Institute of
Theoretical Physics
Beijing, China
Contents
I. Background
II. Elements of string theory
III. Branes in string theory
IV. Black holes in string theory-
holography-Maldacenas conjecture
I. Background
O
Feynman was able to deduce a lot of things
from a single sentence:
H:
Interaction strength:
Dirac:
Nucleus of H=proton
u
u
d
u d
Interaction strengths
QED
Size of H=Compton length of electron/=
Strong interaction
-decay
-mass of u-quark
-mass of W-boson
Finally, gravity, the weakest of all four
interactions
-mass of proton
-Planck mass
(so )
Summary:
Electromagnetic
Gravity
To asses the possibility of unification, lets
Take a look at
17th century.
Mechanics
Heat, thermodynamics
Electrodynamics
Magnetism
Light, X-rays, -rays
1960s-1970s
valid up to
Further, there is evidence for unification of
3 forces:
(a) In 4 dimensions,
goes up with E
amplitude=
amplitude=
(b) According to Einstein theory, gravity is
geometry. If geometry fluctuates violently,
causal structure is lost.
singularity
(c2) A black hole has a finite entropy, or a
state of a black hole can not be specified by
what is observed outside.
Curiously,
or
To summarize, the present days accepted
picture of our fundamental theory is
4. The emergence of string theory
A little history
Denote this amplitude by A(s,t) :
(a)
(b) Analytically extend A(s,t) to the complex
plane of s, t, we must have
Namely
n = n
linear trajectory
This remarkable formula leads us to
String theory
v=c
An excited state
v=c v=c
To calculate the spectrum of the excited states,
We look at a simple situation (Neuman->Dirichlet)
Let the tension of the string be T, according to
Heisenberg uncertainty relation
Now
or
If , then
Casimir effect
Particle analogue
Action
A classical particle travels along the shortest
path, while a quantum particle can travel
along different paths simultaneously, so we
would like to compute
Generalization to a string
dS
Curiously, string can propagate consistently
only when the dimension of spacetime is
D=26
Why is it so?
For
(There are two sets of D-2 modes, left moving and right moving:
)
For n=2, we have a spin 2 particle, there are
however only D(D-3) such states, it ought to
be massless to respect Lorentz invariance,
again D=26.
Interactions
+ +
+
Associated to each type of vertex
more legs
there is a coupling constant
=
Or
+ +
= +
+ +
+
Surely, this is the origin of s-t channel duality.
Rejoining or splitting
The contribution of a given diagram is
+
Again, there is a unique diagram for each
topology, the vertex is also unique
=
The intermediate state is a closed string,
unitarity requires closed strings be in the
spectrum.
Emission vertex=
Now
Emission vertex=
Thus,
2. Gauge interaction and gravitation
by dimensional analysis.
Gravitational coupling
So
We have
Since in 4 dimensions , we have
( )
Similarly, one introduces on the
world sheet.
Two sectors
Zero mode
n-integer in R sector
n-half integer in NS sector
Characteristics:
(a) There are open strings, whose massless
modes are super Yang-Mills in 10D.
G= SO(32)
Type I theory is also chiral.
or superposition of them.
two sets of matrices.
If
chiral
chiral
L: 10D superstring
R: 26D bosonic string
26=10+16
or
In the heterotic theory, there is only one ,
the theory is chiral.
1. Why branes?
string
p+1
horizon
r
When , there is no apparent function
source for . In other words, the
source is the smeared fields carried by the BH
solution.
(a) is conserved.
+ -
We argued that there must be fundamental
branes saturating the BPS bound .
rank=8-p rank=p+2
Thus
Some unit
2.1 T-duality
Then
Thus, an open string wave mode is mapped to
a winding mode with ends attached to
something: D-branes.
emission absorption
one-loop tree-level
amplitude =
But
Exact formula is
2.4 Effective theory on D-branes
massless
massive
3. Branes as solitonic solutions
(generalization of )
Breaking
Further,
The solution is
When r large
so
When r small
While
so
D-string
Heterotic SO(32)
heterotic string
32 free fermions
16 bosons
IV. Black holes in string theory
1. Basics
Black hole
Bekenstein-Hawking entropy
S=A
But, what is ?
Bekenstein argued, using an infalling massive
spin particle, that . This differs
from the correct value .
Use
Thermodynamics
First law:
Second law
(b)
oscillation level
So
But for a bh
Horowitz-Polchinski suggested (post-D-brane)
that in order to form a bh, G must be tuned on.
But in 4D:
or
for
lng
BH phase
String phase
lnN
Phase transition line?
3. Black holes in string theory-D-brane age
hot gas
Near extremal black brane
Thus
At the horizon
Horizon area =
Specified to p=3
is independent of
In general
For p=0, ML
3.2 Extremal black holes (branes)
Strominger-Vafa
A black hole in 5D
T5: D5-branes
waves
D1-branes T4
Physical picture:
species
So
Exact result:
Further develoments:
. .
Potential due to the background
Need small :
Curvature ~
String states
or brane states BHs
Qualitatively understood: