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Prepared By

MOHD HABEEB ULLAH


SHAREEF
STUDENT OF DCET, Hyd

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FOUNDATION
Definition :
The low artificially built part of a structure which transmits the
load of the structure to the ground is called foundation.
OR
A foundation (also called a ground sill) is a structure that
transfers loads to the earth.

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Major Building Parts

Superstructure

Substructure

Foundation

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Foundations are made in various materials. They could be
reinforced cement concrete foundations or brick foundations or
stone rubble masonry foundations etc. The choice of material to
be used in the construction of foundations also depends on the
weight of the structure on the ground.
The bearing capacity of soil plays a major role in
deciding the type of foundation. The safe bearing capacity of soil
should be 180N/mm2 to 200N/mm2.

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Foundation

Shallow Deep
Foundation Foundation

Spread Raft Compensated Pile Caissons


Footing Foundation Foundation Foundation Foundation

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Shallow Foundations
A shallow foundation is a type of foundation which transfers
building loads to the earth very near the surface

Shallow foundations are commonly used in smaller structures


such as residences and small buildings whose floor height is
limited to 10m
Advantages
a. Cost (affordable)
b. Construction Procedure (simple)
c. Material (mostly concrete)
d. Labour (doesnt need expertise)

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Spread footing

Spread footings may be built in different shapes & sizes to


accommodate individual needs such as the following:
a) Square Spread Footings / Square Footings
b) Rectangular Spread Footings
c) Circular Spread Footings
d) Continuous Spread Footings
e) Combined Footings
f) Ring Spread Footings

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MAT/RAFT FOUNDATION

Mat foundation is use:

a. when spread footings


would cover more than 50%
of the building footprint area
a mat foundation will be
more economical.

b. When structural loads


are so high or the soil
condition so poor

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Deep Foundations

- Purpose:
To transfer building loads deep into the earth. If the
depth of the foundation is greater than its width the
foundation is classified as a deep foundation.

Types
a. Pile foundation
b. Caisson foundation

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PILES
It is installed in the ground to transfer the structural
loads to soils at some significant depth below the base of the
structure.

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CAISSON FOUNDATION
Its a prefabricated hollow box or cylinder. It is sunk into the
ground to some desired depth and then filled with concrete
thus forming a foundation.

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PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN

- Seismic base isolation in seismic areas


- Underpinning required to carry out repairs to the existing
building or to add some changes in the foundations
- Retaining walls to hold the soil back from caving in:
Types of failure such as overturning, sliding and
undermining should be avoided, non-reinforced or/and
reinforced cantilevered retaining walls, drainage behind
the wall to eliminate piping of water in soil
- Water proofing and drainage of foundations
- Basement insulation Frost protection through protective
coatings and plastic foam insulation
- Back-filling with properly draining soils
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DESIGN STEPS:

Step-1:
Given Data
Factored load on column Pu in KN
Size of column, l x b in mm
SBC of Soil in KN/sq.m
Self weight of footing = 10% of Pu
Step-2:
Area of footing = Total Load/S.B.C
Provide a suitable size of footing L x B
Step-3:
Net upward pressure intensity, Pu/area of footing.
Step-4:
Design for flexure
Critical section occurs at the face of column
l = (L l)/2
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Mutr =wl2/2
Step-5:
Depth of footing
d = (Mu/(2.76x1000))
Step-6:
Calculation of area of steel,
Mu = 0.87fyAst(d-0.42xu)
Step-7:
Check for One-way shear a d
Critical shear force occurs at a
distance ofd from face of the
column
Nominal shear stress, Tu = v/bd
for 0.15% of steel from
IS456:2000, Table-19
Permissible shear stress
If :. Tc>Tv footing is safe in
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shear.
Check for Two-way shear or Punching Shear

Critical shear occur at a


distance of d/2 from face d/2 a d/2
of the column.
Nominal shear stress =
v/2[(a+d)+(b+d)]d

Permissible shear stress


if Tv kTc
.. Safe

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Retaining walls
A retaining wall is a structure designed and constructed to
resist the lateral pressure of soil
Retaining walls are built in order to hold back earth which
would otherwise move downwards.
Types:
1. Cantilever type
2. Counter fort type

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Types of wall failure
Wall fracture
Overturning
Sliding
Undermining

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Design Elements to Prevent Failure

Relieve H2O pressure


(for all 3 types of
failure)
Crushed stone
Weeps
Overturning
Cantilevered Footing
Reinforcing
Sliding
Key
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