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Chapter 16 : Turning Moment Diagrams and Flywheel

565

Turnin

6
Fea ture s
1. Introduction.

g
2. Turning Moment
Diagram for a Single
Cylinder Double Acting
Steam Engine.

Moment
3. Turning Moment
Diagram for a Four

a nd Flyw
Stroke Cycle Internal
Combustion Engine.

4. Turning Moment Diagram
for a Multicylinder
Engine.
5. Fluctuation of Energy.
6. Determination of
Maximum Fluctuation of
Energy.
7. Coefficient of
Fluctuation of Energy.
8. Flywheel.
9. Coefficient of Fluctuation
of Speed.
10. Energy Stored in
a Flywheel.
11. Dimensions of the
Flywheel Rim.
12. Flywheel in Punching
Press.
Dia g ra m
hee l
1. Intro d uc tio n
s
The turning moment diagram (also known as
crank- effort diagram) is the graphical representation of
the turning moment or crank-effort for various positions of
the crank. It is plotted on cartesian co-ordinates, in which
the turning moment is taken as the ordinate and crank angle
as abscissa.
2. Turning Mome nt Dia g ra m fo r a
Sing le C ylind e r Do ub le Ac ting Ste
a m Eng ine
A turning moment diagram for a single
cylinder double acting steam engine is shown in Fig. 16.1.
The vertical ordinate represents the turning moment and
the horizontal ordinate represents the crank angle.
We have discussed
in Chapter 15 (Art. 15.10.)
sin 2
that the turning moment on the crankshaft,
T FP r sin
2 n 2 sin 2
565
566 Theory of Machines

Fig. 16.1. Turning moment diagram for a single cylinder, double acting steam engine.
where FP = Piston effort,
r = Radius of crank,
n = Ratio of the connecting rod length and radius of crank,
and
= Angle
From the above expression, weturned by the crank from inner dead centre.
see that the turning moment (T ) is zero,
when the crank angle () is zero. It is
maximum when the crank angle is 90 and
it is again zero when crank angle is 180.
This is shown by the curve abc
in Fig. 16.1 and it represents the
turning moment diagram for outstroke.
The curve cde is the turning moment
diagram for instroke and is somewhat
similar to the curve abc.
Since the work done is the product
of the turning moment and the angle
turned, therefore the area of the turning
moment diagram represents the work
done per revolution. In actual practice,
the engine is assumed to work against the
mean resisting torque, as shown by a
horizontal line AF. The height of the
ordinate a A represents the mean height of
the turning moment diagram. Since it is
assumed that the work done by the
turning moment per revolution is equal to
the work done against the mean resisting
torque, therefore the area of the For flywheel, have a look at your tailors
rectangle aAFe is proportional to the work manual sewing machine.
done
Notes:against the mean
1. When resisting
the turning torque.is positive (i.e. when the engine torque is more than the mean
moment
resisting torque) as shown between points B and C (or D and E) in Fig. 16.1, the crankshaft accelerates and
the work is done by the steam.
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