DESIGN OF RC BUILDINGS

IN HIGH SEISMIC RISK REGIONS

Structural and Earthquake

Engineering Seminar

ADEMAR C. PAMA
M.Eng M.ASEP M.PICE
Civil/Structural Engineer
 REFERENCE CODES

International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO) :

Uniform Building Code (UBC 1997)
American Concrete Institute (ACI-318): Building Code
Requirements for Reinforced Concrete chapter 21
International Building Code (IBC 2000 & 2003) chapter
19
Structural Engineers Association of California (SEAOC):
Recommended Lateral Force Requirements and
Commentary
National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP 2010)
chapter 4, section 421

2
SEISMICITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Seismic Zone Map of the Philippines
 SEISMIC ZONES

Under UBC and SEAOC, there are 5 seismic zones, zone 0 through 4
Zone 0, 1 - low seismic risk
Zone 2 - moderate seismic risk

Zone 3, 4 - high seismic risk

The Philippines has two (2) seismic zones (corresponding to UBC) :

Zone 2 - moderate earthquakes Z = 0.20

Zone 4 - major earthquakes Z = 0.40

13
 Philippines : A High-Seismic Risk Area

The seismicity data of the Philippines show that

it is predominantly a high-seismic risk country,
therefore the special seismic design provisions
of the codes apply to the design and detailing
of building structures in this area.

14
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS CLASSIFICATION

BEARING WALL SYSTEM

BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM
MOMENT RESISTING FRAME
DUAL SYSTEM
INVERTED PENDULUM SYSTEM

16
 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS CLASSIFICATION
BEARING WALL SYSTEM
Shear walls or braced frames provide
support for all or most of the gravity loads and
for resisting all lateral loads.

17
 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS CLASSIFICATION
BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM
Has separate systems to provide support for
lateral forces and gravity loads. A frame provide
support for essentially all gravity loads with
independent shear walls or braced frames ` resisting
all lateral forces.

18
 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS CLASSIFICATION
MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES
provide ductility and support for both lateral and
gravity loads by flexural action. In seismic zones 3 and 4,
the moment resisting frames are required to be specially
detailed per UBC.
Special Moment Resisting Frame (SMRF)

19
 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS CLASSIFICATION
DUAL SYSTEM
Shear walls or braced frames supply the
primary lateral support system with a special
moment-resisting frame (SMRF) providing
primary support for gravity loads and acting as a
backup lateral force system.

20
 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS CLASSIFICATION
INVERTED PENDULUM

Consists of a structure supported on

cantilever column elements.

21
 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS IN HIGH SEISMIC ZONES

In general, three systems are applicable in medium and high

seismic zones :

Special Moment Resisting Frames (SMRF)

Shear wall systems (special RC shear wall)
Dual systems (combination of the two)

22
 Structural Irregularities

Components that perform poorly during

earthquake
Places where damages initiates
May control the overall redundancy of the
system
Affect level of analysis and design
requirements

23
 Vertical Irregularities

Vertical Stiffness Irregularity

Soft Story

Story Stiffness < 70% of story above

24
 Vertical Irregularities

Mass Irregularity

Heavy
floors

Story Mass > 150% Adjacent Story Mass

25
 Vertical Irregularities

Vertical Geometric Irregularities

Story Dimension > 130% Adjacent Story Dimension

26
 Vertical Irregularities

Vertical Strength Irregularity

Weak Story

Story Strength < 80% of story above

27
 Plan Irregularities

Diaphragm
Discontinuity

Reentrant
Corners

Torsional Irregularities
28
 Torsion
CRigid
T =Mt + Mta
ex T = Vxey + Vx(0.05D)
CMass
For regular : Mt = 0
Vx ey
D For Irregular:
0.05D
T = Mt + Ax(Mta)

Ax = (max / 1.2 ave)2 < 3.0

Mt = Torsion due to framing System

Mta = Accidental Torsion
max = maximum displacement at level x
ave = average displacement at the extreme points at
29 level x
 Plan Irregularities

Nonparallel Framing Systems

30
 Plan Irregularities

Out-of-plane Offsets
31
 Eccentric and Concentric Response
Unsymmetrical Mass
and Stiffness

Symmetrical Mass and

Stiffness

32 Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-3

SEISMIC DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
 DUCTILITY

It is generally uneconomical and unnecessary to design a

structure to respond in the elastic range to the maximum
earthquake-induced inertia forces. Thus, the code design
seismic forces are generally less than the elastic response
inertia forces induced by the design earthquake.

The underlying philosophy behind the Code special provision

for seismic design is that structures are designed so that they
will behave in a ductile manner during major earthquakes.

34
 DUCTILITY
Ductility measures the ability of a structural system
to deform beyond its elastic load carrying capacity
without collapse. This allows a redundant structure to
absorb energy, and continue to resist forces and
support loads, while successive plastic hinges are
formed. FORCE
FORCE

5 9 1 10 2 6
A

O DEFLECTION
C D

DEFLECTION 4 8 3 7
O B F E

Force-Deflection Characteristics of A Ideal Ductile Member

Linearly Elastic System, OAB, and a
35 Ductile System, OCDE.
 SEISMIC DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
An earthquake-resistant structure (ERS) should be able to resist:

- Minor earthquakes without any damage

- Moderate earthquakes with negligible structural
and non-structural damages
- Major earthquakes without collapse and with
possibly some structural and non-structural damages

Yielding of some structural members under moderate

to high earthquake is acceptable

The Codes foremost goal is to protect human lives,

not property values
36
 KEY CONSIDERATIONS IN ERS
Structural Systems
Selection and laying out of lateral-force-resistant system
appropriate to the anticipated level of ground shaking
Continuous and redundant load path
Minimum possible irregularities

Modeling and Analysis

Determining design earthquake loads
Mathematical modeling to represent structure
Finding forces and deformations due to earthquake
Design and Detailing
Proportioning of members for combined effect of gravity and EQ loads
Adequate vertical & lateral stiffness and
Detailing to achieve the desired ductility
37
LATERAL FORCE PROCEDURES
 STATIC LATERAL FORCE PROCEDURE

The Basic Notion :

Convert the Seismic Excitation to an Equivalent

Static Force applied at the base of the building,
called the Base Shear. Then Distribute the Base
Shear to various parts of the Building by using

V = Cs W ( from F = m a)

This formula is based on the assumption that V

the structure will undergo several cycles of
inelastic deformation and energy dissipation
without collapse. Force and Displacements in
the structure are derived assuming linear
39
behavior
 STATIC LATERAL FORCE PROCEDURE

The UBC-97 Form of Equation

The old equation: V = (Z K C S I) W ZIC
or V= W
Rw
The new equation:
V C sW Cs = Seismic response coefficient
I = Importance factor, for a specific occupancy category,
Cv I from UBC Table 16-K
Cs C v = Velocity based ground response coefficient, for a specific
RT
seismic zone and soil profile, from UBC Table 16-R
R = Response modification factor, for a specific structural
Cv I W system, from UBC Table 16-N
Vstat = T = Fundamental period of vibration, from UBC Formula (30-
RT 8) or (30-10)

40
 need not exceed 2.5 Ca I W controls for shorter
Vstat =
R period structures

shall not be less than: Vstat = 0.11 Ca I W for long period structures
0.8 Z Nv I W
shall not be less than: Vstat = for seismic zone 4
R
Where: W = Total Seismic Dead Load
Ca = acceleration-based ground response coefficient, for a specific seismic
zone and soil profile, from UBC table 16-Q
Nv = velocity-based near source factor from UBC table 16-T
T = Fundamental Period of vibration of the structure, in seconds, determined
as
T = Ct(hn)3/4 simplified
Where : Ct = 0.0853 for steel moment resisting frames
Ct = 0.0731 for reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames and
eccentrically braced frames
Ct = 0.0488 for all other buildings
hn = height above the base to level n
Vertical Distribution of Seismic Forces :

The total force shall be:

Vstat = Ft + Fi

Where:
Ft = additional concentrated force at the top in addition
to Fn determined as:

Ft = 0.07 TVstat < 0.25 Vstat

0 if T < 0.7s

The remaining portion of the base shear shall be distributed

over the height by:

(Vstat Ft) wx hx
Fx =
wi hi
 IBC Form of Equation
2
S MS Fa S S
V CsW
S DS S MS
3

S DS
CS F a = Site coefficient short period , Table 1615.1.2(1)
R S s = Spectral accelerations for short periods, Maps
R = The response modification factor, Table 1617.6
Cs need not be IE I E = The occupancy importance factor, Section 1616.2
greater than
2 S M 1 FV S1
S DI S D1 SM 1
CS 3
R
T
IE F V = Site coefficient, 1 sec period, Table 1615.1.2(2).
T = Fundamental period (in seconds) of the structure
Cs must be greater than
S 1 = Spectral accelerations for a 1-second period, Maps
0 .5 S 1
CS C S 0.044 S DS I E
R

43 IE
 DYNAMIC LATERAL FORCE PROCEDURE

Dynamic analysis procedures are considered to provide a

somewhat improved or more accurate force distribution.
There are two methods of dynamic analysis :

Response Spectrum Analysis

Time History Analysis

The response spectrum method is the recommended

dynamic analysis approach in the Philippines because we
have no recorded earthquake data yet as input ground
motion for time history analysis.

44
DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRUM (NSCP FIG. 208-3)
Basic Procedure for Response Spectrum Analysis (NSCP 208.6.5)

Using the Design Response Spectra given in Figure 208-3

From the Mathematical Model, Determine the Structural Properties:

Establish Mass and Stiffness Matrices of the structure, such as:

m1 0
[M] = mass matrix
0 mn

and
k1+k2 0
[K] = stiffness matrix
0 kn

note: A mathematical model of the physical structure shall represent the

spatial distribution of the mass and stiffness of the structure to an extent which is
adequate for the calculation of the significant features of its dynamic response. A
three-dimensional model shall be used for the dynamic analysis of structures with
highly irregular plan configurations.
Dynamic Properties :

From the given eigenvalue problem:

{ [K] j2 [M] } {ij} = 0 I [K] j2 [M] I = 0

determine the Natural Frequencies (j) and Modes of Vibration (ij)

note: All significant modes must be included; and that at least 90 percent of the
participating mass of the structure must be included in the calculation of response.

Modal Participation Factor :

Determine the Modal Participation Factor (j or j) by the Formula:

j = {i}j T [M] {1}

{i}j T [M] {i}j
where
{i}j T [M] {i}j = 1 (when normalized!)
Determine the Maximum Response of Each Mode using the Design
Response Spectrum :

Solve for the Control Period, Ts by the following formula:

Cv
Ts =
2.5 Ca

Solve for the normalized modal Periods, (Tj / Ts)

Determine the Spectral Acceleration (Cv / Tj ) from Figure 208-3.

Modal Lateral (level) Forces:

Solve for the Modal Lateral Forces for each level by:

Fij = I Wi [j ij] Cv
R Tj
or
Fij = I (mi g) [j ij] Cv
R Tj
Combination of Modal Forces:

Combine Modal Forces using either the Square Root of the Sum of Squares
(SRSS) Method or the Complete Quadratic combination (CQC) Method

The design dynamic base shear (Vdyn) may then computed as:

Vdyn = Fi

** CQC is preferred when natural frequencies of vibration are close together.

Scaling of Results :

Vdyn > 0.9 Vstat (regular, structures using Figure 208-3)

Vdyn > 0.8 Vstat (regular, using site-specific Response Spectrum)
Vdyn > 1.0 Vstat (irregular structures)
Distribution of Lateral forces

The lateral forces can now be distributed for each frame considering also the
effect of torsion.

Structural Analysis

Using classical methods of analysis or computerized structural

softwares, the moments , shears, and displacements can be computed.
The effect of the Dead loads, Live loads, Wind loads and seismic loads
are considered.

Structural Design

The size of the members are calculated

 Selection of Lateral Force Procedure
Per UBC, a dynamic analysis is necessary under the following conditions :

All structures 240 ft. (70 m) or more in height except for structures in seismic zone 1
and for standard occupancy structures and miscellaneous structures, as defined in UBC
Table 16-K, in seismic zone 2.

Structures exceeding 5 stories or 65 ft (20 m) in height having vertical irregularities

Type 1(stiffness), Type 2 (mass), or Type 3 (geometric) except for structures in seismic
zone 1 and standard occupancy structures, as defined in UBC Table 16-K, in seismic
zone 2.

Structures exceeding 5 stories or 65 feet (20 m) in height in seismic zone 3 and 4 not
having the same structural system throughout their height, except as permitted by
UBC Section1630.4.2.

All structures located on soil profile type SF which have a period exceeding 0.7 seconds
except for structures in seismic zone 1 and for standard occupancy and miscellaneous
structures, as defined in Table 16-K, in seismic zone 2.
51
OVERVIEW OF SEISMIC DETAILING
 Overview of Seismic Detailing

Key Principles:
Structure will undergo fairly large deformation under design
earthquake
Yielding of some member is expected/allowed
Several cycles of loading into inelastic range
Structure should survive without loss of vertical load carrying
capacity

53
 SPECIAL MOMENT-RESISTING FRAMES
(SMRF)
Design Strength
For seismic loading, the required strength consists of the service level loads
multiplied by the appropriate load factors specified in UBC Section 1909. The
design strength of a member consists of the theoretical ultimate strength, or
nominal strength, multiplied by the appropriate strength reduction factor

x (nominal strength) > U

UBC defines the reduction factor as :

= 0.90 for flexure

= 0.85 for shear and torsion
= 0.75 for compression members with spiral reinforcement
= 0.70 for compression members with lateral ties

54
In seismic zones 3 and 4, UBC Section 1909.3.4 specifies a shear strength reduction
factor of 0.6 for walls, topping slabs, and framing members with a nominal shear
strengths. For beam-to-column connections, the shear strength reduction factor is
specified as 0.85. The nominal flexural strength shall correspond to the most critical
factored axial loads, including earthquake effects.

The nominal flexural capacity of a member with only tensile reinforcement is given by

Mn = Asfyd(1-0.59fy/fc)

As = area of tensile reinforcement

fy = yield stress of reinforcement
d = effective depth of a section
= reinforcement ratio
= As/bd
f c = compressive strength of the concrete
b = width of section
The formation of plastic hinges at both ends of the columns in a given story, due to
seismic loads, may produce a sidesway mechanism which causes the story to
collapse. To prevent this, the strong-column/weak-beam concept is required by UBC.
A column forming part of the lateral-force-resisting system and with factored axial
force exceeding Agfc/10 shall be designed to satisfy UBC Formula (21-1) which is

Mc > (6/5) Mg

Mc = sum of the design flexural strengths of columns at the center of

a joint
Mg = sum of the design flexural strength of a beams at the center of
the point and in the same plane as the columns
Ag = gross area of column section
 Seismic Load Seismic Load

Mct Mct
Mbr Mbl

Mbl
Mbr
Mcb
Mcb

Mc > (6/5) Mg

Strong-column/weak beam concept

To ensure ductile flexural failure of a member and prevent brittle shear failure,
requires the design shear force to be determined from the probable flexural strength
that can be developed at the ends of the member plus the unfactored tributary
gravity loads.

Mpr = As(1.25fy)d[1-0.59(1.25fy)/fc]
= Asfyd(1.25-0.92fy/ fc)

The design shear force at the left end of the beam for seismic load acting to the left is

Ve =(Mpr1 + Mpr2)/Ln + Vg
Where Ln = beam shear clear span
Vg = shear due to unfactored tributary gravity loads at the left end of
the beam, from SEAOC Section C404.5.

The design shear force at the right end of the beam for seismic load acting to the right is

Ve =(Mpr3 + Mpr4)/Ln + Vg
Vg = shear due to unfactored tributary gravity loads at the left end of
the beam, from SEAOC Section C404.5
 Seismic load Seismic load

Vpr1 Vpr2

Mpr1 Mpr4

Mpr3
Mpr2

Vpr1 Vpr2

Ln Ln

Mpr1
Moment
Mpr4
Diagram
Mpr3
Mpr2

Vp1 =(Mpr1 + Mpr2)/Ln

Shear
Diagram
Vp2 =(Mpr1 + Mpr2)/Ln

Beam shear due to probable flexural strength

Similarly, the design shear force for the columns shall be calculated using probable
moment strengths at the top and bottom of the column. As shown in the figure, the
maximum probable moments are assumed to occur under the maximum axial load of
0.8Po which corresponds to the minimum accidental eccentricity. The design shear
force at the top and bottom of the column is

Ve =(Mpr1 + Mpr2)/Hn
Hn = column shear height

However, the column design shear need not exceed the value determined from the
probable moment strengths of the beams framing into the top and bottom of the
column. As shown in the figure, the design shear force for this condition is given by

Ve =(Mpr1 + Mpr2 + Mpr3 + Mpr4) / 2Hn

The cyclical nonlinear effects produced by seismic loading necessitate additional shear
requirements to ensure a ductile flexural failure. When the factored compressive force in
a member is less than Agfc/20 and the seismic induced shear is not less than half of the
total design shear, the shear resistance of the concrete Vc shall be neglected. Shear
reinforcement shall then be provided to resist the total design shear as required by UBC
Section 1921.3.4.
 Seismic Load

0.8 Po

Mpr1 Ve

Mpr1 Ve

Hn

Ve Mpr2

Mpr2

Moment Shear

0.8 Po

Column Shear due to Column Probable Flexural Strength

 Seismic Load

Mpr1
(Mpr1 + Mpr2) / 2 Ve

Mpr2
Ve

(Mpr1 + Mpr2) / 2
Hn

(Mpr3 + Mpr4) / 2

Mpr3
(Mpr3 + Mpr4) / 2

Mpr4
Moment Shear

Column shear due to beam probable flexural strength

At a joint in a frame, the horizontal design shear force is determined as required
by UBC Section 1921.5.1.1. and as shown

Point of inflection
V

Mpr1

Hc = Floor to floor height

C2 = T 2 T1 = 1.25 As1fy

T2 = 1.25 As2fy C1 = T1

Mpr2

V = (Mpr1 + Mpr2) / Hc

Point of inflection

Forces acting at a joint

The shear produced in the column by the probable moment strengths of the beams
at the joint is

V = (Mpr1 + Mpr2) / Hc
Hc = floor to floor height

T1 = 1.25As1fy probable tensile force in right hand beam

C2 = T2 = 1.25As2fy probable comp. force in conc. In left hand beam
The net shear acting on the joint is given by

Ve = T1 + T2 V
= 1.25 fy (As1 + As2) (Mpr1 + Mpr2) / Hc

In accordance with UBC Section 1921.5.3 the nominal shear capacity of the joint
depends on the concrete strength and effective area of the joint and is given by

Vn = 1.7 Aj(fc)0.5 for joints confined on four faces

= 1.25 Aj(fc)0.5 for joints confined on opposite faces or on three faces
= 1.0 Aj(fc)0.5 for other conditions
Aj = effective cross-sectional area within the joint
 Beam creating shear

Column depth = h h = Effect. Joint depth

Beam creating shear

Effective joint area
b x
Effective area of a joint

Effect. Joint width = be= b + h < b + 2x

As shown in figure, the effective joint depth equals the overall depth of the column.
Where a beam frames into a column of larger width, the effective joint width is given by

be = b + h but should be < b + 2x

where b = beam width
h= column depth
x = smaller distance from edge of beam to edge of column
Beam Details
Flexural members are defined in UBC as elements having a clear span not less than
four times the effective depth and with a factored axial compressive force not exceeding
Agfc/10. In order to provide a compact cross-section with good stability during nonlinear
displacements, geometrical constraints are imposed in UBC as follows:

b/h > 0.3

b > 250 mm
< bc + 0.75h on each side of the column
Where b = beam width
h = beam depth
bc = column width

UBC stipulates limitations on the amount of longitudinal reinforcement to prevent

steel congestion, ensure non-brittle ductile behavior, and provide a minimum
reinforcement capacity greater than the tensile strength of the concrete. These
limitations are:
min > 1.4/fy
max < 0.025
 >0.25fcbwd/fy
d
As l,r >1.4bwd/fy ld for at least Asl,r /3, ld > 12db
<0.025bd ln/16

ld Point of 2 bars
inflection minimum

Asm

As l,r /2
Stirrup ties 0.25fcbwd/fy
for splices As l,r > 1.4bwd/fy
Asm /4 continuous

Subscripts l, r, and m indicate left support, right support, and midspan, respectively
to allow for the possibility of moment reversals:

A minimum of two reinforcing bars shall be provided at the top and bottom of
the beam.
At the ends of the member, positive moment capacity is required at least
equal to fifty percent of the negative moment capacity.
At any section, along the beam, neither the positive nor the negative
moment capacity shall be less than twenty five percent of the moment
capacity at the ends of the beam.

The location of reinforcement splices is not permitted in regions of plastic hinging

as they are unreliable under inelastic cyclic loading conditions. Splices shall not be
used:

within the joints

Within a distance of twice the beam depth from the face of the column
At the locations of potential plastic hinging.

To prevent the spalling of concrete over at splice locations, hoop reinforcement shall
be provided over the lap length with a minimum spacing of d/4 or 4 inches (100
mm).
FRAME BENDING MOMENT DUE TO GRAVITY LOAD
 SIDESWAY TO THE RIGHT

FRAME BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM (gravity+eqk)

 SIDESWAY TO THE LEFT

FRAME BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM (gravity+eqk)

Hoops are required in accordance with UBC Section 1921.3

Over a distance of 2d from the face of column

Over a distance of 2d on both sides of a section subjected to plastic hinging

The first hoop shall be located not more than two inches from the face of the column.
The hoop spacing shall not exceed:

Smax < d/4

< 8 db
< 24 dt
< 300 mm
Where d = beam effective depth
db = diameter of longitudinal bar
dt = diameter of hoop bar

Where hoops are not required, stirrups with 135 degree seismic hooks shall be
provided, throughout the length of the member, at a maximum spacing of d/2.
 Seismic Hoops and Stirrups

73
 s < d/4
< 8 db
s < d/2
< 24 dt s < d/4
< 300 mm < 100 mm

<50 mm > 2d > splice > 2d > 2d > splice

hoops Seismic hoops hoops hoops hoops
Seismic Seismic
stirrups stirrups stirrups

> 2h > 2h

Hoops and Stirrups Location Requirements

UBC Section 1921.5.4, to account for cyclical loading and for the reinforcement stress
exceeding the yield stress, specifies that the development length for a hooked bar in
normal weight of concrete shall be
dh = fydb/5.4(fc)0.5
> 8 db
> 150 mm
Where db = bar diameter

The hook shall be located within the confined core of a column. For straight bars of sizes
10 mm through 36 mm the development length is given as

d = 2.5 dh

And when the depth of concrete beneath the bar exceeds 300 mm.

d = 3.5dh

For straight bars extending beyond the confined core of the column, the development
length is given by

dm =1.6d 0.6 dc
Where dc = length of bar in the confined column core
Column Details
Columns are defined in UBC Section 1921.4 as members with a factored axial
compressive force exceeding Agfc/10. Geometrical constraints are imposed based on
established design practice and these are:
hmin > 300 mm
hmin /hperp > 0.4
Where hmin = minimum cross-sectional dimension
hperp = dimension perpendicular to minimum dimension

Longitudinal reinforcement limits are imposed by UBC Section 1921.4.3 in order to

control creep, reduce steel congestion, and provide a flexural capacity in excess of the
cracking moment.
These limitations are:
g > 0.01
< 0.06
Where g = ratio of reinforcement area to cross-sectional area

Lap splices, proportioned as tension lap splices, are restricted to the center half of
the column where moment reversals are unlikely.
 Reverse hooks on adjacent crossties

< 350 mm

< 350 mm

< 350 mm < 350 mm < 350 mm

Column transverse reinforcement

Transverse reinforcement, consisting of closed hoops and crossties, shall be provided throughout the height of the column to
provide shear resistance and confinement. The hoop spacing requirements in accordance with UBC Section 1921.4.4.6 are
Smax < 6d b
< 150 mm

As shown in the figure, crossties or legs overlapping hoops shall be spaced a maximum distance of fourteen inches on center
and shall engage a longitudinal bar at each end. At the ends of column, the area of the confinement reinforcement required is
given by the greater value obtained from UBC Formulas and which are

A sh = 0.3 s hc (A g/A ch - 1) f c/f y

A sh = 0.09 s hc f c f y
Where s = spacing of hoop reinforcement
Ag = gross area of column section
hc = dimension of core measured center-to-center of confining reinforcing
In accordance with UBC Section 1921.4.4.4, confinement reinforcement is required
over a distance of o from each joint face given by

o >h
> Hn /6
> 450 mm
Where h = depth of column
Hn = column clear height

The spacing of the confinement reinforcement is

limited by UBC Section 1921.4.4.2 to
s < hmin / 4
< 100 mm
Where hmin = minimum column dimension
Column Reinforcement Details
 Shear Walls and Wall Piers

80
 Shear Walls and Wall Piers
Shear Capacity of Shear Walls

The nominal shear strength of a shear wall may be determined as specified in UBC Section
1921.6.5 and given in the UBC Formula (21-6) as

Vn = Acv [0.17(fc)0.5 + nfy]

Where Acv = area of web over the horizontal length considered

bw = web width
n = reinforcement ratio of horizontal shear reinforcement

In accordance with UBC Section 1921.6.2.1,l when the design shear force Vu exceeds
0.08Acv(fc)0.5 the minimum reinforcement ratios for the horizontal and vertical reinforcement shall
be
n = Asn / Acn > 0.0025
v = Asv / Acv > 0.0025

Where Asn = area of horizontal reinforcement over the vertical length considered
81 Acn = area of web over the vertical length considered
Asv = area of vertical reinforcement over the horizontal length considered
In addition, the spacing of shear reinforcement shall not exceed 450mm each way
and horizontal reinforcement shall terminate at the edge of the wall with a standard hook
or U-stirrup. In order to control cracking and inhibit fragmentation of the wall due to
cyclical loading in the inelastic range, UBC section 1921.6.2.2 specifies two curtains of
reinforcement when the design shear force is given by

Vu > 0.17 Acv(fc)0.5

When the ratio of wall height hw to base length w is less than 2 the nominal shear
strength of the wall may be determined from UBC Formula (21-7) which is

Vn = Acv [c(0,08)(fc)0.5 + nfy ]

Where c = 2.0 for hw / w = 2.0

= 3.0 for hw / w = 1.5
Boundary element check.

Ig = bh3 Ag = b . w fc= - P + Mc c = w / 2
12 A I

fc = Concrete compressive stress

Maximum allowable fc = 0.2 fc in compression if a boundary element is not required.

Boundary element check if acting as a short column under factored vertical forces
due to gravity and lateral loads:

st = As min = 0.01 < st < max = 0.06

Ag

The axial load capacity of the boundary element acting as a short column is

Pn(max) = 0.80 [0.85fc (Ag Ast) + Astfy ] > Pu

 Boundary element transverse confining
reinforcement

s > 0.12fc
fyh

(a.) short direction (b.) longitudinal direction

0.09 f c sh c 0.12 f c sh c
A sh = A sh =
fyh fyh
or or

Ash > 0.3 shc Ag 1 fc Ash > 0.3 shc Ag 1 fc

Ach fyh Ach fyh

Whichever is greater governs Whichever is greater governs

Where hc = depth core

bc = width core
Ach= hc . bc
Check for maximum hoop spacing
s < 1/4 x Boundary element width
s < 6 times dia. Of longitudinal bar hx = maximum horizontal spacing of hoops or
sx < 100 + 300-hx ties on all faces of the column

Development of reinforcement
f y db
dh >
d = 3.5 dh
5.4fc
dh > 8db If bars are straight, ensure that the
development length is provided.
If 90 hooks are used, d = dh
dh > 150mm.

Verify adequacy of shear wall section at its base under combined axial load
and bending in its plane

Mu P n = Pu /
e=
Pu Mn = Mu /
Pu = the maximum axial force on the boundary element
Mu = factored moment due to seismic loads from the lateral load analysis of the
transverse frames
Mnavailable = 0.19 fc Agh >> Mn required
 No. 5 closed hoops @ 4in. C-c
(16mm 100 mm c-c)
39 No. 11 bars
(39 bars, 36mm)
16mm crossties@ No. 5 @12 c-c both ways (16 mm
100mm c-c @ 300 mm c-c)
39 36mm bars

32in
20 in. (508mm) (812 m)

50 in. 50 in.
(1270 mm) (1270 mm)
26-2
(7.98m)

Example Plan and Detailing of Shear Wall

 DRIFT REQUIREMENTS
Story drift is the lateral displacement of one level of a multistory
structure relative to the level below. Drift limits are as follows :
total

Story Drift :
x3
s = x3 x2 design level response drift

x2 Maximum Inelastic Response Displacement :

M = 0.7 R s

Allowable Drifts :
For T < 0.7 secs M 0.025 x Story Height
For T > 0.7 secs M 0.020 x Story Height

87
 P-DELTA EFFECTS
Neglect P-Delta if : < 0.10
Px
or if (s/hsx) 0.02/R in zone 4 of
SMRF
(Px.)
Vx =
[Vx .(hsx)]

hsx
max = 0.25
x

88 P-Delta Effects 0.1 < < max

 DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT
STRUCTURES
From UBC or NSCP

1. Define Occupancy Category, then assign Seismic importance Factor, I from

Table 208-1, NSCP
2. Define Soil Profile Type from Geotechnical Data according to Table 208-2.
3. Determine Seismic Zone from Figure 208-1 and assign Zone Factor, Z from
Table 208-3, NSCP
4. Assign Near-Source Factors and Seismic Response Coefficient :
Near-Source Factors: (For Seismic Zone 4)
Na from Table 208-4, NSCP
Nv from Table 208-5
Seismic Response Coefficients:
Ca from Table 208-7
Cv from Table 208-8
5. Define Structural Configuration, classify Structural System and assign Numerical
Coefficient, R from Table 208-11, NSCP.
89
 6. Design base Shear

The total design base shear shall be determined from the following equation
Cv I W
Vstat =
RT

need not exceed 2.5 Ca I W

Vstat =
R

shall not be less than: Vstat = 0.11 Ca IW

0.8 Z Nv I W
shall not be less than: Vstat = For seismic zone 4
R
Where: W = Total Seismic Dead Load
Ca = acceleration-based ground response coefficient, for a specific seismic
zone and soil profile
Nv = velocity-based near source factor
T = Fundamental Period of vibration of the structure, in seconds, determined as

T = Ct(hn)3/4 simplified
 Where : Ct = 0.0853 for steel moment resisting frames
Ct = 0.0731 for reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames and
eccentrically braced frames
Ct = 0.0488 for all other buildings
hn = height above the base to level n

7. Lateral (level) Forces Distribution:

The total force shall be: Vstat = Ft + Fi

Where:
Ft = additional concentrated force at the top in addition to Fn determined as:
Ft = 0.07 TVstat < 0.25 Vstat
0 if T < 0.7s

The remaining portion of the base shear shall be distributed over the height by:
(Vstat Ft) wx hx
Fx =
wi hi
8. Evaluate the torsional moments, story drift, the P- effect and the
overturning moment to ensure they are within permissible limits.

9. Execute a structural frame analysis to determine all shears and

moments in the frame beams, columns, shear wall diaphragms and/or
coupling beams if these are used to connect shear walls.

10. Proportion members of the ductile moment-resistant frame, that is all

beams, columns, and beam-columns. If the frame is not a ductile
moment-resisting frame, the designer has the uneconomical and
inefficient alternative of choosing a brittle system using a low Rw factor.
11. Using the strong column- weak beam concept, plastic hinges are
assumed to form in the beams.

Seismic beam shear forces

M-prL + M+prL
VL = + 1.2D + 1.6L
2

M+prL + M-prL
VR = + 1.2D + 1.6L
2
= beam span, Mpr= probable moment resistance, L,R = left, right

Seismic column shear forces

M-pr1+ M+pr2
Ve =
h
Where h= column height
 Mcol > 6 Mbm
5
At joint to ensure hinges form in the beams; hence

+ - + -
( Mn + Mn )col > 6 ( Mn + Mn )bm
5
The nominal strengths Mn have to be evaluated and the member
proportioned prior to evaluating the seismic beam shear forces.

Beam: flexural design, Pu insignificant

Column: combined bending and axial load Pu
Beam-column : Pu > Ag fc/10
Shortest cross-sectional dimension >12in.
 12. Longitudinal reinforcement
Beam-column or columns
As
0.01 < g = < 0.06
Ag

For practical considerations, g <0.035.

Beam (positive reinforcement): Beam (flange in tension):

> 3fc min > 200 > 6fc

min > 200
fy fy fy
fy

The factor value of 6, in the numerator instead of 3 is because a flange width twice the
web width or more is used.
where fy is in psi units. should never exceed 0.025.

For proportioning reinforcements in beams , the nominal moment strength

requirements are
1 -
(a) Mn+at face of joint > Mn at the face
2
- 1
+
(b) Mn or Mn at any section > 4 Ma,max at- the face
13. Transverse confining reinforcement
(a) Spirals
0.12 fc or 0.45 Ag -1 fc
s > s >
fyh Ach fyh
Whichever is greater.
Ag = gross area
Ach = core area to outside of spirals
Fyh = specified yield strength
(b) Rectangular hoops in columns :Total cross-sectional area within
spacing s
fc
Ash > 0.09 shc
fyh
> 0.3 shc Ag -1 fc
Whichever is greater. Ach fyh
Ash = total cross-sectional area of transverse reinforcement (including cross-ties
within spacing s and perpendicular to dimension h c
hc = core sectional dimension of column core, in.
S = spacing of transverse hoops
Smax = one quarter of the smallest cross-sectional dimension or 4 in., whichever is
smaller, but not to exceed 6in.
Placement of confining reinforcement ; place confining reinforcement on either side
of potential hinge over a distance the largest of
(i) Depth of member at joint face
(ii) One-sixth clear span
(iii) 18 in.

(c.) Confining reinforcement in beam ends: should be placed on a

length =2h on both sides of the joint is internal; otherwise, maximum hoop
spacing, smallest of
(i) One-quarter effective depth d
(ii) 8x diameter of longitudinal bar
(iii) 24x diameter of hoop
(iv) 12 in.

IBC, requires that spacing in ductile frames at the plasticity region not exceed 4 in. The
ties in the balance of the beam span follow the standard shear web reinforcement
requirements. If the joint is confined on all four sides, 50% reduction in confinement
and increase in minimum tie spacing to 6in. In the columns are allowed. No smooth bar
reinforcement is allowed in seismic structures.
14. Beam-column connections (joints) : normal concrete shear strength Vn at a joint:

(a) Confined on all faces : Vn < 20fc Aj

(b) Confined on three faces or two opposite faces: Vn < 15fc Aj
(c) All other cases : Vn < 12fc Aj
Where Aj is effective area at joint. The value of allowable Vn should be
reduced by 255 for lightweight concrete. Note that the horizontal shear in
the joint is determined by assuming a stress=1.25fy in the tensile
reinforcement

15. Development length of reinforcing bars : For bar sizes Nos. 3 to 11 without
hooks, the largest of
d = 2.5dh when concrete below bars < 12 in.
d = 3.5dh when concrete below bars >12 in.

Where for normal-weight concrete dh > fydb/(65fc)

> 18 db
> 16 db
When standard 90 hooks are used, d=dh. Any portion of straight embedment
length not within the confined core should be increased by a factor of 1.6.
16. Shear walls,: height/depth > 2.0

(i) Minimum v = 0.0025 if Vuh > Acv fc . At least two curtains of reinforcement
needed if in-plane factored shear force Vuh >2Acvfc where
Acv = net area of concrete cross-section = thickness x length of section in
direction of the considered shear.
(ii) If extreme fiber compressive stresses exceed 0.2fc shear walls have to
be provided with boundary elements along their vertical boundaries and
around the edges of openings.

(iii) Available Vn= Acv(2fc + nfy) for hw/w >2.0. For hw/w <2, the factor of 2
inside the parenthesis varies linearly from 3.0 for hw/w =1.5 to 2.0 for
hw/w =2.0; Vu=Vn, where =0.60.

(iv) Maximum allowable nominal unit shear Vn= 8Acv(fc for total wall, but
can be increased Vn= 10Acp(fc for individual pier, where Acp is the cross-
sectional area of the individual pier.
 Start

Determine earthquake seismic region, select UBC seismic coefficients C a, Cv, Na, Nv, I, R.
Determined period T by UBC and W values, then determine Cs.

n
Compute V=CsW and V= Ft + Ft = 0 when T = 0.07 TV < 0.25V
i=1

Tabulate base lateral force and each story force F x = Cvx V using the summation x
out.
k = Fi
WxFind
hkx each storey shear and moment where Vx
Cvx = i=1
V= Seismic base shear
Wihki
n

Execute a structural frame analysis to determine all shears and moments

in the frame beams , columns, and shear walls

Proportion for flexure and revise where necessary the size and main reinforcement
of the moment-resistant frame members: beams, and beam-columns
(beam-column when Pu= Agfc/10)
Use strong column-weak beam concept, plastic hinges in beams and not columns
Mco l> 6/5 Mbm at joint
M-prL + M+prL 1.2D + 1.6L
Beams: VL = +
2

M+prL + M-prL 1.2D + 1.6L

VR = +
2

M-pr1+ M+pr2
Columns: Ve =
h

Design longitudinal reinforcement.

(a) Beam-columns or columns:0.01 < g < As < 0.06

Ag
For practical considerations g<0.035:
min > 200 > 3fc 6fc
(for +M) >
fy fy fy
(for negative region T-beam)
(b) Beams: + 1 -
(a) Mn at face of joint > Ma at the face
2
- any section > 1 M -
(b) Mn+or Mn at a,max at the face
4
 Transverse confining reinforcement.

(a) Spiral columns: 0.12 fc 0.45 Ag -1 fc

s > fyh or >
Ach Whichever is greater
fyh
f c
(b) hoops for columns Ash > 0.09 shc fyh

Ag -1 fc
> 0.3 shc
Ach fyh

S< of smallest cross-sectional dimension or 6 times diameter of longitudinal reinforcement or

and need not exceed 6 in. or taken less than 4in.
Sx < 4 + 14 - hc
Use standard tie spacing for the balance of the length.
3

(c) Beams : Place hoops over a length =2h from face of columns. Maximum spacing: smaller of
s=1/4db, 8db, 24db hoop, or 12in. If joint confined on all four sides, 50%reduction in
confining steel and increase in minimum spacing of ties to 6in. In columns is allowed. Use the
standard size and spacing of stirrups for the balance of the span as needed for shear. IBC
requires that maximum spacing not exceed 4in.

Beam-column connection (joint)

Available nominal shear strength > applied Vu
confined on all faces: Vn < 20fc Aj
confined on three faces or two opposite faces: V n < 15fc Aj
all other cases: Vn < 12fc Aj
 Check development length, nominal weight-concrete

dh > fydb/(65fc) > 8 db > 6 db

d = 2.5dh for < 12 in. or less concrete below straight bar

d = 3.5dh for >12 in. one pour

If bars have 90 hooks are used, d=dh. For lightweight concrete, adjust as in the ACI Code

Design shear wall

Vuh > 2Acv fc ; use two reinforcement curtains in wall.
If wall fc>0.2 fc , provide boundary elements.
Available Vn + Acv (fc + n fy)
For hw/w> 2.0, s=2.0
For hw/w > 1.5 s=3.0
Interpolate intermediate values of h w/w
Maximum allowance:
Vn = 8Acv fc for total wall
Vn = 10Acp fc for total wall

Design diaphragms and coupling beams when used as indicated in the text and as detailed in the IBC
Code

End
 CONCLUSION
The Philippines is a high-seismic risk region.
Our buildings must satisfy the seismic design provisions for
high-seismic demand level.
The recommended structural systems for RC buildings in our
country are SMRF and Dual systems.
The codes intent is that structures must have sufficient
strength and ductility to prevent collapse under the most
intense earthquake (design level), and thus, assure life safety.
Structures with irregularities perform poorly during
earthquakes, so such should be minimized.
The dynamic seismic analysis is the preferred procedure for
lateral load analysis to obtain more accurate structural
responses particularly for structures with irregularities.

104
Thank You !