School on Digital and Multimedia Communications Using Terrestrial and Satellite Radio Links

The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics ICTP Trieste (Italy) 12 February 2 March 2001

Antenna Fundamentals (1)

Prof. R. Struzak
ryszard.struzak@ties.itu.int

15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 1

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Ryszard Struzak. All commercial rights are
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please contact the author at
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15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 2
 Summary Slide
Introduction
PFD
Directivity and Gain
EIRP

15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 3

 Introduction

15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 4

 Radio Link
Antenna Antenna

Radio wave

Transmitter Receiver

Antennas: important elements of any radio link

15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 5

 Photographs
of
Various Antenna Types

15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 6

 T-Antenna
Transmitting antenna transforms
power in the form of time-dependent electrical current
into
time-and-space-dependent electro-magnetic (EM)
wave.

15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 7

 R-Antenna
Receiving antenna transforms
time-and-space-dependent EM wave
into
time-dependent electrical current (power)

15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 8

 Intended Antennas
Radiocommunication antennas
Transmitting
Receiving
EM applicators
Industrial
Medical
Measuring antennas

15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 9

 Unintended Antennas
Any conductor/ installation carrying electrical
current
(e.g. electrical installation of vehicles)
Any conducting structure/ installation irradiated by
EM waves
Permanent (e.g. Antenna masts, or power network)
Time-varying (e.g. Windmills, or helicopter propellers)
Transient (e.g. Re-radiating aeroplane)

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 PFD

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 PFD: Isotropic Radiator
Power Flux Density (PFD)

PT
PFD
r 4r 2

Notes
Loss-less propagation medium
assumed
Isotropic radiator cannot be
physically realized
PFD does not depend on
frequency/ wavelength
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 PFD: Distance Dependence
100

10
PFD

0.1

0.01
0.1 1 10

Distance

15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 13

 PFD: Example 1

What is the PFD from 1.8 10 2 103

PFD
TV broadcast GEO 4 (38 106 ) 2
satellite at Trieste?
1.8 105
EIRP = 180 kW
1.8 1016
(52.5 dB(W))
1 10 11 Wm -2
Distance: ~38'000 km
100 dB(Wm 2 )
Free space

15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 14

 PFD: Example 2

What is the PFD 1.8 10 1

PFD
from a hand-held 4 (3.8 10 2 ) 2
phone at the head? 1
1.8 10
EIRP = 180 mW 2
1.8 10
Distance = ~3.8 cm
10 Wm -2
Free space
10 dB(Wm -2 )

15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 15

 PFD: Example 3
What is the ratio of the
powers required to 2
produce the same PFDGEO PGEO Dist LEO

power flux density at a PFDLEO PLEO Dist GEO
GEO- satellite and at a
LEO-satellite.? 2
PGEO 38000
Distances: 1444
PLEO 1000
GEO: 38 000 km
LEO: 1 000 km
15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 16
 PFD concept
Used often in the management/ regulating the use
of the radio frequency spectrum
To define the restrictions imposed on
radiocommunication systems
To assure electromagnetic compatibility
Relates to the field-strength of plane wave

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 PFD Limits
The WRC 2000 decided that the
-138
PFD at the Earths surface
produced by emission from a -140

space station in Fixed-satellite -142

PFD [dB(Wm^2)]
service shall not exceed the
-144
limit shown in the figure.
-146
The figure is valid for stations
at the geostationary orbit in -148

frequency band 10.7-11.7 GHz -150

and reference band 4 kHz. For
-152
other cases see RR Table S21-4. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Angle of arrival (above the horizontal plane)

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 PFD: Real Antenna

PFD produced by physically realizable

antennas depends on
power and distance (as isotropic source)
horizontal direction angle ()
vertical direction angle ()

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 Directivity and Gain

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 Radiation Intensity
measure of the ability
z
of an antenna to
OP concentrate radiated
Transmitting power in a particular
antenna
r direction
y
Radiation intensity = Power

per steradian =
= (,) [watts/steradian]
x
Distance (r) is very large

15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 21

 Antenna Directivity
( , ) ( , )
Total power radiated D( , )
2 avg P0 4
P0 ( , ) sin dd
0 0

Average radiation intensity D Has no units

avg
P0 Note:
4 P0 = power radiated

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 Antenna Gain
G ( , ) D( , )
The directivity and gain
PT
are measures of the ability
of an antenna to P0
concentrate power in a : radiation efficiency
particular direction. (50% - 75%)
Directivity power G has no units
radiated by antenna (P0 ) Usually relates to the peak
directivity of the main
Gain power delivered to radiation lobe
antenna (PT) Often expressed in dB
Known as Absolute
Gain or Isotropic Gain
15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 23
 PFD vs. Antenna Gain

( , ) ( , )
S ( , )
(r )( r ) r2
P0
G ( , )
4r 2
G ( , ) S 0

S0 = PFD produced by a loss-less isotropic radiator

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 Other Definitions of Gain
For practical purposes, the antenna gain is defined as the
ratio (usually in dB), of the power required at the input of a
loss-free reference antenna to the power supplied to the
input of the given antenna to produce, in a given direction,
the same field strength or the same power flux-density at
the same distance.
When not specified otherwise, the gain refers to the
direction of maximum radiation.
The gain may be considered for a specified polarization.
[RR 154]

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 Antenna Gain
Actual Measuring Reference Measuring
antenna equipment antenna equipment

P = Power S = Power Po = Power S = Power

Delivered to received Delivered to received
the antenna at a great the antenna at a great
distance distance

Antenna Gain (in the specific direction) = P / Po

15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 26

 Reference Antennas
Isotropic radiator
isolated in space (Gi, absolute gain, or isotropic gain)
Half-wave dipole
isolated in space, whose equatorial plane of symmetry
contains the given direction (Gd)
Short vertical antenna
(much shorter than /4), close to, and normal to a
perfectly conducting plane which contains the given
direction (Gv)

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 Reference Antennas (1)
Radiation pattern
Isotropic antenna in vertical plane
Sends (receives) energy
equally in (from) all
directions
Gain = 1 (= 0 dB)
Radiation pattern
When supplied by P, In horizontal plane
produces at distance r power
flux density = P /(4r2)
Theoretical concept, cannot
be physically realized
15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 28
 Reference Antennas (2)
Half-Wave Dipole Radiation pattern
in vertical plane
Linear antenna, realizable
Gain = 1.64 (= 2,15 dB) in
the direction of maximum
radiation
Radiation pattern
Figure-eight-shaped radiation In horizontal plane
pattern in the dipole plane,
omnidirectional (circular) in
the orthogonal plan

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 Typical radiation pattern
Omnidirectional
Broadcasting
Mobile telephony
Pencil-beam
Microwave links
Fan-beam (narrow in one plane, wide in the other)
Shaped-beam
Satellite antennas

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 Typical Gain and Beam-width
Type of antenna Gi [dB] HPBW [0]
Isotropic 0 360x360
Dipole 2 360x120
Helix (10 turn) 14 35x35
Small dish 16 30x30
Large dish 45 1x1

15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 31

 Gain and Beam-width
Gain and beam-width of directive antennas are
inter-related

G ~ 30000 / (1*2)

1 and 2 are the 3-dB beam-widths (in degrees)

in the two orthogonal principal planes of antenna
radiation pattern.

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 EIRP

15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 33

 e.i.r.p.
Equivalent Isotropically Radiated
Power (in a given direction):
The product of the power supplied to the
antenna and the antenna gain relative to
an isotropic antenna in a given direction

15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 34

 e.i.r.p.: Example 1
What is the maximum PFD = e.i.r.p./(4d2)
e.i.r.p. of a GEO e.i.r.p. = PFD*(4d2)
satellite station if RR -160 dB 10-16 W/(m *4kHz)
2

impose PFD limits of

(-160) dB d2 ~ 1.29*1015m 2

(W/(m2*4kHz)) at the 4d2 ~ 4*1015m 2

earth surface in e.i.r.p. ~ 0.4 W/4kHz

Equator (distance
35900 km) ?
15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 35
 e.r.p.
Effective Radiated Power (in a given
direction):
The product of the power supplied to the
antenna and its gain relative to a half-wave
dipole in a given direction

15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 36