010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101101100011011000110010101

10011101100101010000110110111101110010001011010101010101
COR JESU COLLEGE - COMPUTER STUDIES

Lecture 1: Overview of Computers and

Logic

010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100
101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101
10110001101100011001010110011101100101

0100001101101111011100100010000001001010011001010111001101110101001000000100001101101111011011000110110001100101011001110110010101
0000110110111101110010001000000100101011010101010101010101101010
 010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101101100011011000110010101
10011101100101010000110110111101110010001011010101010101
COR JESU COLLEGE - COMPUTER STUDIES

Objective/s

Understand computer components and

operations.
How computers represent data?

010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100
101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101
10110001101100011001010110011101100101

0100001101101111011100100010000001001010011001010111001101110101001000000100001101101111011011000110110001100101011001110110010101
0000110110111101110010001000000100101011010101010101010101101010
 010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101101100011011000110010101
10011101100101010000110110111101110010001011010101010101
COR JESU COLLEGE - COMPUTER STUDIES

Computers are everywhere

010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100
101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101
10110001101100011001010110011101100101

0100001101101111011100100010000001001010011001010111001101110101001000000100001101101111011011000110110001100101011001110110010101
0000110110111101110010001000000100101011010101010101010101101010
 010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101101100011011000110010101
10011101100101010000110110111101110010001011010101010101
COR JESU COLLEGE - COMPUTER STUDIES

Definition: Computer

A computer is an electronic device,

operating under the control of instructions
stored in its own memory.

Process
Input Output
(computation/
(collects data) (Information)
comparison)
010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100
Information Processing Cycle 101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101
10110001101100011001010110011101100101

0100001101101111011100100010000001001010011001010111001101110101001000000100001101101111011011000110110001100101011001110110010101
0000110110111101110010001000000100101011010101010101010101101010
 010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101101100011011000110010101
10011101100101010000110110111101110010001011010101010101
COR JESU COLLEGE - COMPUTER STUDIES

Components of the Computer

Hardware and software: the two major
components of any computer system
Hardware: equipment, or devices
Software: programs that contain instructions
for the computer
Four major operations in a computer:
Input
Processing
Output
Storage 010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100
Communications 101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101
10110001101100011001010110011101100101

0100001101101111011100100010000001001010011001010111001101110101001000000100001101101111011011000110110001100101011001110110010101
0000110110111101110010001000000100101011010101010101010101101010
 010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101101100011011000110010101
10011101100101010000110110111101110010001011010101010101
COR JESU COLLEGE - COMPUTER STUDIES

Computer Hardware
A computer contains many electric, electronic,
and mechanical components known as
hardware.
Input Device: enter data and instructions (commands)
into a computer.
Output Device: conveys information to one or more
people.
System Unit: contains the electronic components
(CPU, memory) of the computer that are used to
process data.
010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100
Storage Device: holds data, instructions, and
101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101
information for future use. 10110001101100011001010110011101100101

Communications Device: send and receive data,

instructions, and information to and from one or
0100001101101111011100100010000001001010011001010111001101110101001000000100001101101111011011000110110001100101011001110110010101
0000110110111101110010001000000100101011010101010101010101101010
 010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101101100011011000110010101
10011101100101010000110110111101110010001011010101010101
COR JESU COLLEGE - COMPUTER STUDIES

Computer Software
Software, also called a program, tells the
computer what tasks to perform and how to
perform them.
System software: consists of the programs that
control or maintain the operations of the computer
and its devices.
Operating systems (coordinate all the activities among
computer hardware resources) and utility programs
(performs maintenance-type tasks)
Application software: consists010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100
of programs
101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101
designed to make users more productive and/or
10110001101100011001010110011101100101
assist with personal tasks.
Business, Graphics and Multimedia,
0100001101101111011100100010000001001010011001010111001101110101001000000100001101101111011011000110110001100101011001110110010101
Home/Personal/Educational, Communications
0000110110111101110010001000000100101011010101010101010101101010
 010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101101100011011000110010101
10011101100101010000110110111101110010001011010101010101
COR JESU COLLEGE - COMPUTER STUDIES

010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100
101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101
10110001101100011001010110011101100101

0100001101101111011100100010000001001010011001010111001101110101001000000100001101101111011011000110110001100101011001110110010101
0000110110111101110010001000000100101011010101010101010101101010
 010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101101100011011000110010101
10011101100101010000110110111101110010001011010101010101
COR JESU COLLEGE - COMPUTER STUDIES

010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100
101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101
10110001101100011001010110011101100101

0100001101101111011100100010000001001010011001010111001101110101001000000100001101101111011011000110110001100101011001110110010101
0000110110111101110010001000000100101011010101010101010101101010
 010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101101100011011000110010101
10011101100101010000110110111101110010001011010101010101
COR JESU COLLEGE - COMPUTER STUDIES

Central processing unit

The control unit (CU) is the component of

the processor that directs and coordinates
most of the operations in the computer.
The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs
arithmetic, comparison, and other
operations.
010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100
101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101
10110001101100011001010110011101100101

0100001101101111011100100010000001001010011001010111001101110101001000000100001101101111011011000110110001100101011001110110010101
0000110110111101110010001000000100101011010101010101010101101010
 010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101101100011011000110010101
10011101100101010000110110111101110010001011010101010101
COR JESU COLLEGE - COMPUTER STUDIES

For every
instruction, a
processor
repeats a set
of four basic
operations,
which
comprise a
machine cycle
010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100
101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101
10110001101100011001010110011101100101

0100001101101111011100100010000001001010011001010111001101110101001000000100001101101111011011000110110001100101011001110110010101
0000110110111101110010001000000100101011010101010101010101101010
 010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101101100011011000110010101
10011101100101010000110110111101110010001011010101010101
COR JESU COLLEGE - COMPUTER STUDIES

Memory

Memory consists of electronic components

that store instructions waiting to be
executed by the processor, data needed by
those instructions, and the results of
processing the data.
Stores three basic categories of items:
The operating system and other system software
010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100
Application programs 101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101
10110001101100011001010110011101100101

Data (needed for processing/resulting

information)
0100001101101111011100100010000001001010011001010111001101110101001000000100001101101111011011000110110001100101011001110110010101
0000110110111101110010001000000100101011010101010101010101101010
 010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101101100011011000110010101
10011101100101010000110110111101110010001011010101010101
COR JESU COLLEGE - COMPUTER STUDIES

Memory

Each location in memory has an address.

Memory size is measured in kilobytes (KB or
K), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), or
terabytes (TB).

010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100
101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101
10110001101100011001010110011101100101

0100001101101111011100100010000001001010011001010111001101110101001000000100001101101111011011000110110001100101011001110110010101
0000110110111101110010001000000100101011010101010101010101101010
 010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101101100011011000110010101
10011101100101010000110110111101110010001011010101010101
COR JESU COLLEGE - COMPUTER STUDIES

Memory

RAM (random access memory) chips usually

reside on a memory module and are inserted
into memory slots.

010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100
101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101
10110001101100011001010110011101100101

0100001101101111011100100010000001001010011001010111001101110101001000000100001101101111011011000110110001100101011001110110010101
0000110110111101110010001000000100101011010101010101010101101010
 010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101101100011011000110010101
10011101100101010000110110111101110010001011010101010101
COR JESU COLLEGE - COMPUTER STUDIES

Memory cache

Memory cache speeds the processes of the

computer because it stores frequently used
instructions and data.

010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100
101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101
10110001101100011001010110011101100101

0100001101101111011100100010000001001010011001010111001101110101001000000100001101101111011011000110110001100101011001110110010101
0000110110111101110010001000000100101011010101010101010101101010
 010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101101100011011000110010101
10011101100101010000110110111101110010001011010101010101
COR JESU COLLEGE - COMPUTER STUDIES

010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100
101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101
10110001101100011001010110011101100101

0100001101101111011100100010000001001010011001010111001101110101001000000100001101101111011011000110110001100101011001110110010101
0000110110111101110010001000000100101011010101010101010101101010
 010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101101100011011000110010101
10011101100101010000110110111101110010001011010101010101
COR JESU COLLEGE - COMPUTER STUDIES

Data Representation

Analog and digital signals are used to

transmit information, usually through
electric signals. In both these technologies,
the information, such as any audio or video,
is transformed into electric signals.
Analog signals are continuous and vary in
strength and quality.
010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100
Digital signals are in one 101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101
of two states: on
10110001101100011001010110011101100101

or off.
0100001101101111011100100010000001001010011001010111001101110101001000000100001101101111011011000110110001100101011001110110010101
0000110110111101110010001000000100101011010101010101010101101010
 010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101101100011011000110010101
10011101100101010000110110111101110010001011010101010101
COR JESU COLLEGE - COMPUTER STUDIES

010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100
101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101
10110001101100011001010110011101100101

0100001101101111011100100010000001001010011001010111001101110101001000000100001101101111011011000110110001100101011001110110010101
0000110110111101110010001000000100101011010101010101010101101010
 010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101101100011011000110010101
10011101100101010000110110111101110010001011010101010101
COR JESU COLLEGE - COMPUTER STUDIES

Data Representation

In order to make a computer work, it is

necessary to convert the information into a
format that can be understood by the
computer.
For a computer to do processing it is first
necessary to input into memory the
programs which contains commands or
010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100
processing procedures. 101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101
10110001101100011001010110011101100101

0100001101101111011100100010000001001010011001010111001101110101001000000100001101101111011011000110110001100101011001110110010101
0000110110111101110010001000000100101011010101010101010101101010
 010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101101100011011000110010101
10011101100101010000110110111101110010001011010101010101
COR JESU COLLEGE - COMPUTER STUDIES

Data Representation

A computer circuit represents the 0 or the 1

electronically by the presence or absence
of an electrical charge.

010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100
101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101
10110001101100011001010110011101100101

0100001101101111011100100010000001001010011001010111001101110101001000000100001101101111011011000110110001100101011001110110010101
0000110110111101110010001000000100101011010101010101010101101010
 010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101101100011011000110010101
10011101100101010000110110111101110010001011010101010101
COR JESU COLLEGE - COMPUTER STUDIES

Data Representation

Eight bits grouped together as a unit are

called a byte. A byte represents a single
character in the computer.

010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100
101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101
10110001101100011001010110011101100101

0100001101101111011100100010000001001010011001010111001101110101001000000100001101101111011011000110110001100101011001110110010101
0000110110111101110010001000000100101011010101010101010101101010
 010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101101100011011000110010101
10011101100101010000110110111101110010001011010101010101
COR JESU COLLEGE - COMPUTER STUDIES

Data Representation

The internal structure of the computer is

composed of an enormous number of
electronic circuits.
Binary numbers represent two levels of
status in the electronic circuit.
ON or OFF
HIGH or LOW
010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100
101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101
10110001101100011001010110011101100101

0100001101101111011100100010000001001010011001010111001101110101001000000100001101101111011011000110110001100101011001110110010101
0000110110111101110010001000000100101011010101010101010101101010
 010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101101100011011000110010101
10011101100101010000110110111101110010001011010101010101
COR JESU COLLEGE - COMPUTER STUDIES

Data Representation
Bit (binary digit) : is a digit of the binary system
represented by 0 or 1. It is the smallest unit
that represent data inside the computer .
Byte: a unit that represents 8 bits of a
character or number. Since 1 bit can be
represented in two ways, the combination of 8
bit patterns in a 1 byte representation is: 28 =
256 types of information.
Foreign characters: 65, 536 characters
010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100
101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101
Word: 16 bits (10 years ago) 10110001101100011001010110011101100101

Modern computers: 32 bit or 64 bit

0100001101101111011100100010000001001010011001010111001101110101001000000100001101101111011011000110110001100101011001110110010101
0000110110111101110010001000000100101011010101010101010101101010
 010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101101100011011000110010101
10011101100101010000110110111101110010001011010101010101
COR JESU COLLEGE - COMPUTER STUDIES

Applications: Coding scheme

ASCII (American
Standard Code for
Information
Interchange) is the
most widely used
coding scheme to
represent data.
010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100
101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101
10110001101100011001010110011101100101

0100001101101111011100100010000001001010011001010111001101110101001000000100001101101111011011000110110001100101011001110110010101
0000110110111101110010001000000100101011010101010101010101101010
 010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101101100011011000110010101
10011101100101010000110110111101110010001011010101010101
COR JESU COLLEGE - COMPUTER STUDIES

010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100
101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101
10110001101100011001010110011101100101

0100001101101111011100100010000001001010011001010111001101110101001000000100001101101111011011000110110001100101011001110110010101
0000110110111101110010001000000100101011010101010101010101101010
 010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101101100011011000110010101
10011101100101010000110110111101110010001011010101010101
COR JESU COLLEGE - COMPUTER STUDIES

Applications: RGB Color Model

RGB (255,192,203)

010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100
101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101
10110001101100011001010110011101100101

0100001101101111011100100010000001001010011001010111001101110101001000000100001101101111011011000110110001100101011001110110010101
0000110110111101110010001000000100101011010101010101010101101010
 010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101101100011011000110010101
10011101100101010000110110111101110010001011010101010101
COR JESU COLLEGE - COMPUTER STUDIES

Applications: Digitize sound

010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100
101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101
https://www.calvin.edu/academic/rit/webBook/chapter5/easy/images/it.gif
10110001101100011001010110011101100101
https://andiemer.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/14-picture-1.png

0100001101101111011100100010000001001010011001010111001101110101001000000100001101101111011011000110110001100101011001110110010101
0000110110111101110010001000000100101011010101010101010101101010
 010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101101100011011000110010101
10011101100101010000110110111101110010001011010101010101
COR JESU COLLEGE - COMPUTER STUDIES

Decimal numbers and binary numbers

Decimal Binary
numbers numbers
0 0
1 1
2 10 A carry occurs
3 11
4 100 A carry occurs
5 101
6 110
7 111
8 1000 A carry occurs
010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100
101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101
9 1001 10110001101100011001010110011101100101
10 1010

0100001101101111011100100010000001001010011001010111001101110101001000000100001101101111011011000110110001100101011001110110010101
0000110110111101110010001000000100101011010101010101010101101010
 010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101101100011011000110010101
10011101100101010000110110111101110010001011010101010101
COR JESU COLLEGE - COMPUTER STUDIES

Decimal numbers, binary numbers,

hexadecimal numbers
Decimal Binary numbers Hexadecimal Decimal Binary numbers Hexadecimal
numbers numbers numbers numbers
0 0 0 10 1010 A
1 1 1 11 1011 B
2 10 2 12 1100 C
3 11 3 13 1101 D
4 100 4 14 1110 E
5 101 5 15 1111 F
6 110 6 16 10000 10
7 111 7 17 10001 11
010000110110111101110010001000000100101001100
8 1000 8 18 10010 12
101011100110111010100100000010000110110111101
10110001101100011001010110011101100101
9 1001 9 19 10011 13
20 10100 14
0100001101101111011100100010000001001010011001010111001101110101001000000100001101101111011011000110110001100101011001110110010101
0000110110111101110010001000000100101011010101010101010101101010