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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION


FUNCTION OF AC SUB STATION

In modern ac power systems, the transmission and distribution


system functions to deliver bulk power from generating sources
to the users at the load centers.

Transmission facilities generally include generating stations, step


up transformers, interconnecting transmission lines, switching
stations and step down transformers.

As an integral part of the transmission system, the ac sub station


or the switching station functions as a connection and switching
point for transmission lines, sub transmission feeders,
generating circuits and step up and step down transformers.
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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
FUNCTION OF AC SUB STATION

The sub station design objective is to provide maximum reliability,


flexibility in operation, continuity of service and to meet these
objectives with the lowest investment costs that satisfy system
requirements.

System requirements include the selection of optimum voltage levels,


which depend on the load requirements and transmission line distances
involved.

Many large thermal and nuclear power plants are located far from the
load centers to get the advantage of capitalization of low site costs,
ample cooling water supply, economical fuel supply. For these reasons
the use of transmission voltage of 400 kV is becoming more common in
our country.
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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
FUNCTION OF AC SUB STATION

The design of a sub station should provide means for maintaining


lines, breaker and switches with no service interruption or hazard
to operating personnel.

The design of a sub station should provide a high level of service


continuity, provision for further expansion, flexibility of operation
and low initial and ultimate costs.

For reliability, the sub station design should prevent total sub
station shut down caused by breaker failure or bus faults and
should be such as to permit rapid restoration of service after a
fault occurs.
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Substations Bus Bar

Line
switches
PT

CT
Circuit
breakers

CVT

Power Transformers
G Power
Line Bay
Generator
(Line Bay)
(Line switches)

CVT (Bus bar)


CT (Circuit breaker
THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
SUB STATION EQUIPMENT AND ITS FUNCTION

BUS BARS

Various incoming and outgoing circuits are connected to the bus


bars in a sub station. Bus bars receive power from incoming
circuits and deliver power to outgoing circuits.

Bus bars are of two types:

1. Rigid aluminum tubular bus bars supported on post insulators.


2. Flexible ACSR or all aluminum stranded bus bars supported
from two ends by strain insulators.
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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
SUB STATION EQUIPMENT AND ITS FUNCTION

SURGE ARRESTERS (LIGHTNING ARRESTERS)

Surge arresters discharge the over voltage surges to earth and protect the
equipment insulation from switching surges and lightning surges.

These are connected between phase conductor and ground.

Each transmission circuit and the power transformers are provided with
lightning arrester for each phase.

Non linear resistors made from silicon carbide in series with gaps were
used in the earlier versions. The present trend is to use metal oxide (zinc
oxide) arrester without gaps in series.
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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
SUB STATION EQUIPMENT AND ITS FUNCTION

ISOLATORS (DISCONNECTING SWITCH)

Primarily the isolators are used for isolation of equipment for test and maintenance.

Isolators are not rated to break load currents and hence are to be operated under no load
conditions.

Isolators are installed in such way that a part of the sub station circuit can be isolated
from other live parts.

Isolators are to be operated only after opening the circuit breaker and generally, are
interlocked with the circuit breaker.

Center rotating-horizontal swing and Center break-vertical swing are the two common
type of isolators.

An earthing switch is generally provided with EHV isolators for discharging induced
voltages on the circuit to earth for reasons of safety , of course , with necessary interlocks.

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
SUB STATION EQUIPMENT AND ITS FUNCTION

CIRCUIT BREAKERS

Circuit breakers are mechanical switching devices capable of making, carrying,


and breaking currents under normal circuit conditions and also making,
carrying for a specified time, and breaking currents under specified abnormal
conditions such as those of short circuit.

The medium in which circuit interruption is performed may be designated by a


suitable prefix, for example, air blast circuit breaker, gas circuit breaker, oil
circuit breaker, or vacuum circuit breaker.

Circuit breakers are rated by voltage, insulation level, current, interrupting


capabilities, transient recovery voltage and interrupting time.

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
SUB STATION EQUIPMENT AND ITS FUNCTION
POWER TRANSFORMERS
The purpose of the sub station of transferring energy is served by the power
transformer.

The power transformer receives energy at one voltage level and delivers the
energy to out going circuits at another voltage level.

The capacity of power transformer in a sub station is decided based on the load
requirement and anticipated load growth.

Voltage control is done through tap changers provided in power transformers.

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
SUB STATION EQUIPMENT AND ITS FUNCTION
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Current transformers are used for reducing or rather stepping down ac
current from higher value to a lower value for measurement ,
protection and control in a sub station.

The major difference between current transformer and power


transformer is in its VA rating. The current transformers have a low VA
rating.

The current ratio of a current transformer is high, (the primary current


to secondary current). The secondary current is usually 5 or 1 Ampere

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
SUB STATION EQUIPMENT AND ITS FUNCTION
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS (POTENTIAL
TRANSFORMERS)
Voltage transformers are used for stepping down voltage from higher
value to lower value for measurement, protection and control in sub
stations.

The major difference between voltage transformer and power


transformer is in its VA rating. The voltage transformers have a low VA
rating.

The voltage ratio is very high. The secondary voltage is generally 110
volts between phases.
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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
SUB STATION EQUIPMENT AND ITS FUNCTION
SHUNT REACTORS
Shunt reactors are used for long EHV transmission line
to control voltage and compensate shunt capacitance
of the line during low load periods.
SHUNT CAPACITORS
These are used for compensating reactive power of
lagging power factor to improve the power factor. The
shunt capacitors are switched in during heavy loads,
and switched off during low loads.
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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
SUB STATION EQUIPMENT AND ITS FUNCTION
MARSHALLING KIOSKS
These are used to mount monitoring instruments,
control equipment and to provide access to various
transducers.
Control and protection scheme cables are laid between
marshalling kiosks located in the switch yard and
corresponding indoor control panels in the control
room.

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
SUB STATION EQUIPMENT AND ITS FUNCTION
POWER CABLES
Used in the power circuit. Single core or Three core cables are used and
run in cable ducts.

CONTROL CABLES
These are generally multi core cables , PVC insulated or shielded cables,
used for protection, control and measurement.

INSULATORS
These are used to insulate live parts. String insulators of tension or
suspension and post insulators are used. Insulators are made of
porcelain , glass and epoxy material.
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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
SUB STATION EQUIPMENT AND ITS FUNCTION
EARTHING SYSTEM
To provide low earth resistance path for discharging
currents from surge arresters, earthing switches,
equipment earthing, for providing path for neutral to
ground currents and for earth fault protection.
STATION BATTERY AND DC SYSTEM
To meet energy requirement of tripping and closing of
breakers independently and to meet annunciation and
lighting and indication requirement and relay loads.
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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
SUB STATION EQUIPMENT AND ITS FUNCTION
CARRIER EQUIPMENT
Used for communication and protection signaling, voice communication,
telex channel, control and monitoring signals. The wave trap unit is
usually mounted above CVT or on separate structure.

SUPPORT STRUCTURES
The typical open-type sub station requires strain structures to support
the transmission line conductors; support structures for disconnecting
switches, current transformers, potential transformers, lightning
arresters, line traps, capacitor voltage transformer; and structures and
supports for strain and rigid buses in the station.
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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
SUB STATION SITE SELECTION
A review of the topography of the proposed site and
the drainage pattern and sub surface soil structure is to
be made first; this has a bearing on civil work cost and
foundation for support structures.
The ground potential rise during faults in a sub station
will interfere with communication system and hence a
site in close proximity of a telephone exchange must be
avoided.
If choice is there , high resistivity soil must be avoided.
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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION
SUB STATION LAYOUT
An electrical sub station is an assemblage of various
electrical equipment in the main electrical circuits and
associated mechanical and auxiliary equipment.
The main equipment are connected electrically in
accordance with the layout diagrams.
These equipment have three dimensions and they are
physically arranged in such a way that adequate
clearances are provided between phases, phase to
ground, work section and live parts and isolation
points. bus bars are used to achieve this.

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

ELECTRICAL CLEARANCES

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

ELECTRICAL CLEARANCES

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

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THE ELECTRIC SUB STATION

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