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Article1163-1172
DILIGENCE
Art. 1163. Every person obliged to give something is also obliged to
take care of it with the proper diligence of a good father of a family,
unless the law or the stipulation of the parties requires another
standard of care.
Ex. Malcolm ordered a ten-year old boy to climb a high and slippery
tree, with a promise to give the boy a part of the fruits. The boy fell and
died while climbing. Malcolm was liable for his act was a clear
departure from the standard of conduct required of a prudent man.
Article1163-1172
DELIVERY
Art. 1164. The creditor has a right to the fruits of the thing from the
time the obligation to deliver it arises. However, he shall acquire
no real right over it until the same has been delivered to him.
Personal Right (Jus in Personam):
Power demandable by one person of another, such as to give, to
do or not to do.
Real Right (Jus in Re):
Power over a specific thing and is binding on the whole world.
Ex. S sold his horse to B for 15000. No date or condition was stipulated for
the delivery of the horse. While still in the possession of S, the horse gave
birth to a cold Who has the right for to the colt?
Article1163-1172
DELIVERY
Non nudis pactis, sed traditionis dominia rerym transferantur.
As a consequence of certain contracts, it is not agreement but tradition
or delivery that transfers ownership. (See Art. 712, NCC)
Article1163-1172
Kinds of Delivery
Actual Delivery
Article1163-1172
Kinds of Delivery
Constructive Delivery
The transfer of the object is physically implied.
Article1163-1172
Constructive Delivery
(c) Traditio brevi manu (delivery by short hand; where the
possessor buys the object he possesses to make him the owner )
Rent-to-own houses
Article1163-1172
Delivery of Specific or Generic Thing
Art. 1165. When what is to be delivered is a determinate
thing, the creditor, in addition to the right granted him by
Article 1170, may compel the debtor to make the delivery.
Article1163-1172
Delivery of Specific or Generic Thing
Specific/Determinate Thing: capable of particular
designation.
Generic/Indeterminate Thing: refers to a class, genus
and cannot be pointed out with particularity.
Article1163-1172
Delivery of accessions and accessories
Art. 1166. The obligation to give a determinate thing
includes that of delivering all its accessions and
accessories, even though they may not have been
mentioned.
ACCESSORIES:
Those joined to or included with the principal for the latters better
use, perfection or enjoyment.
ACCESSIONS:
Article1163-1172
Art. 1167. If a person obliged to do something fails to do it, the same
shall be executed at his cost.
This same rule shall be observed if he does it in contravention of
the tenor of the obligation. Furthermore, it may be decreed that what
has been poorly done be undone.
The remedy of the creditor when the debtor fails an
obligation to do is to have the obligation fulfilled at the
expense of the debtor and obtain damages.
Article1163-1172
Art. 1168. When the obligation consists in not doing, and the obligor
does what has been forbidden him, it shall also be undone at his
expense.
Article1163-1172
Art. 1169 - DEFAULT
Art. 1169. Those obliged to deliver or to do something
incur in delay from the time the obligee judicially or
extrajudicially demands from them the fulfillment of
their obligation.
As a general rule, DEMAND is necessary to put the debtor
in default.
Thus, demand letter is a requisite before going into courts.
Article1163-1172
Art. 1169 - DEFAULT
However, the demand by the creditor shall not be
necessary in order that delay may exist:
(1) When the obligation or the law expressly so
declares; or
Ex. The contract stipulates that the obligor shall pay the obligee a
certain amount every fifth of the month, without need of demand.
Ex. The government does not have to issue a demand for its
nationals to pay their taxes on time.
Article1163-1172
Art. 1169 - DEFAULT
(2) When from the nature and the circumstances of
the obligation it appears that the designation of the
time when the thing is to be delivered or the service is
to be rendered was a controlling motive for the
establishment of the contract; or
Article1163-1172
Art. 1169 - DEFAULT
(3) When demand would be useless, as when the
obligor has rendered it beyond his power to perform.
Ex. When the obligor transfers ownership to a third party the thing
to be delivered to the obligee.
WHY???
There is no mora solvendi in natural obligation.
Article1163-1172
Mora Solvendi
Requisites:
(a) The obligation must be due, enforceable, and
already liquidated or determinate in amount.
(b) The debtor failed to perform his obligation.
(c) The creditor has made a demand, when it is
necessary.
(d) Demand must be for the obligation that is
due, and not for another obligation, nor one with
a bigger amount.
Article1163-1172
Mora Solvendi
Effects:
(1) The debtor shall be liable for interest or damages,
if his default is through his own fault or negligence.
(2) The debtor shall bear the risk of loss , if his
default is through his own fault or negligence.
(3) The debtor shall be liable even for a fortuitous
event. It could be mitigated if he proves that loss
would have still occurred even if he was not in
default.
Article1163-1172
Kinds of Default
(B) Mora Accipiendi: default on the part of the creditor
Fulfillment of the obligation cannot be made because the creditor
unjustifiably refuses to accept performance.
When can the creditor justifiably refuse performance?
Article1163-1172
Article1163-1172