CIE 323A-Part 8-Deflections by Energy Methods-Students Version-Fall 2017

PART 8
DEFLECTIONS OF STATICALLY DETERMINATE

STRUCTURES BY ENERGY METHODS
CIE 323A Structural Analysis

1
Chapter 8 Deflections of Statically Determinate
Structures by Energy Methods
CONTENT
1. Introduction
2. Real Work by a Force
3. Strain Energy (Internal Work)
4. Calculations of Deflections by Real Work
5. Principle of Virtual Work
6. Practical Calculations of Deflections by Virtual
Work
7. Further Readings
2
1. Introduction
Objectives of this Chapter:
1. Present an introduction to energy theorems centered on
the principle of virtual work.
2. Present practical methods for quickly calculating
deflections for statically determinate and linearly elastic
structure using the principle of virtual work.
3. The next chapter will use again the principle of virtual
work to develop methods of analysis of indeterminate
structures.

3
2. Real External Work by a Force
We consider a force Fi applied gradually at a point i
of a structure.
This force ranging from zero to its final value Ffi
causes a variation of the displacement ui at point i
from zero to its final value ufi.

4
It is assumed that the load of
the structure is done without
heating it (without energy
dissipation) and without
producing kinetic energy
(without inertia).
Fi
If we consider the structure Ffi
as linearly elastic, the

W
relationship between the
force and displacement at
point i is a straight line
through the origin. ufi ui

5
The relationship
between the force, Fi,
and displacement ui, can
be written as the
following relationship: Fi
Ffi
Fi = u ui Ffi [7.1]
fi
The real external work, W

W, is equal to the area
under the curve:
1 ufi ui
W = 2 Ffi ufi [7.2]

6
If NF forces are applied
gradually to a structure
and if ui is the total
displacement of a point i
Fi
due to all forces Fi, then
Ffi
the external real work,
W, done by all the W
forces Fi is given by :
N
1 ufi ui
W = 2 Ffi ufi
i=1
7
Infinitesimal
Definition Element
A structure can be seen as the

assembly of small
infinitesimal elements
representative of all material
points.
At each point is applied a set
of normal and shear stresses
that are designated as the
stress tensor (or matrix), ij. dz
To each stress tensor is

dx
associated a strain tensor, ij. dy

8
Infinitesimal
Definition
Element
In general, there are nine

components in the stress
tensor.
We can represent these
components in a matrix
form.
dz
dx
dy

9
Infinitesimal
Definition
Element
In fact, the nine

components of the stress
tensor are reduced to six
to maintain rotational dz
equilibrium of the dx
infinitesimal element. dy
ij = ji [7.5]
for i j

10
Definition
If a set of external forces is applied
gradually to the structure and if no
energy is lost in heat and if no rigid
body motion is created, the stresses dz
will increase according to the
material constitutive relationship of dx
the structure. dy
k
Suppose a linear elastic structure.
fk
Each component of the general
stress tensor k (i.e. xx, yy, zz, dU/dV
xy, xz, yz) follows a linear
relationship with its corresponding
component of the general strain
tensor ek (i.e. exx, eyy, ezz, exy, exz,
eyz) but with final values, fk and fk efk ek
specific to each of them.
11
Definition
The strain energy of this
stress component acting on
dz
an infinitesimal element
(with infinitesimal volume dy
dx
dV = dx dy dz), dUK / dV
must be equal to the work k
of the internal forces,
fk
which represents the area
under the k - ek curve. dUK/dV
dUk 1
dV = 2 fk fk [7.6]
efk ek
12
Definition
dUk 1
dV = 2 fk fk [7.6]
dz
The strain energy due to
the stress component k dy
dx
throughout the volume V

k
of the structure is the
volume integral of the fk
previous equation: dUK/dV
Uk = 2 fk fk dV
1
[7.7]
V
efk ek
13
Definition
Uk = 2 fk fk dV
1
[7.7]
V
Finally, as there are six stress
components k, the total dz
deformation energy in the structure
is the sum of the strain energy for dx
dy
each stress component.
6 k
U = 2 fk fk dV
1
[7.8]
k=1 V
fk
We will now develop more dUK/dV

practical expressions for the total
strain energy for each of the
internal force component
i.e. the axial force, N, the bending
moment, M, and the shear force, V. efk ek
14
Strain Energy from an
Axial Force, N
The only normal stress s on E = Youngs Modulus
the surface A is simply
given by:
N
= A [7.9]
According to Hooke's law

the normal strain of the
element is given by:
N
= E = EA [7.10]
where E is Youngs modulus

15
Strain Energy from an Axial
Force, N
6
U = 2 [7.9]
N N 1
= A = E = EA fk
fk dV
[7.10] [7.8]
E = Youngs Modulus
k=1 V
By replacing the previous

equations for s and e into the
general strain energy general
expression, we obtain a general
equation for the strain energy
in a bar from an axial load N:
1
U = 2 N N
A EA dA dl [7.11]
V
or: L
1 N2
U = 2 EA dl [7.12]
0

16
Strain Energy from an
Axial Force, N
L
1 N2
U = 2 EA dl
E = Youngs Modulus
[7.12]
0
If the bar is straight axis, has

a prismatic section and is
subjected to a constant axial
force, the strain energy is
reduced to a very simple
expression:
1 N2 L
U = 2 EA [7.13]

17
Strain Energy from a
Bending Moment, M
Consider a linear elastic M M
infinitesimal element of a
beam of length dl
subjected to a bending
moment, M, acting on a
main axis of the section. dl
E = Youngs Modulus
I = Moment of inertia around the principal bending axis.

18
Strain Energy from a Bending
Moment, M
The moment M causes normal
stresses on a section
perpendicular to the M M
longitudinal axis.
My
= - I [7.14]
I is the moment of inertia of dl

the section and y is the
distance of the application of E = Youngs Modulus
from the neutral axis of the I = Moment of inertia around the principal bending axis.
section.

19
Bending Moment, M
My M M
= - I [7.14]
The corresponding
deformations are obtained
by Hooke's law. dl
My E = Youngs Modulus
= E = - EI [7.15]

20
Strain Energy from a Bending
Moment, M
My My
= - I = E = - EI [7.14] [7.15]
6
U = 2 fk fk dV
1 M [7.8]
M
k=1 V

equations for s and e into the
expression, we obtain a general dl
equation for the strain energy
in a bar from a moment M: E = Youngs Modulus
1
U = 2 M2 y2
E I
1
2 dA dl = 2 M2
E I2
y2 dA dl [7.16]
V L A

21
Bending Moment, M
1
U = 2 M2 y2
E I
1
2 dA dl = 2 M2
E I2
y2 dA dl [7.16]
V L A
M M
Now by definition:
y2 dA = I [7.17]
A
Therefore:
1
L
M2
dl
U = 2 E I dl [7.18]
0 E = Youngs Modulus
This equation is valid for a
variable section.
22
Bending Moment, M
L
1 M2
U = 2 E I dl
M [7.18] M
0
For a prismatic section,

this expression can be
simplified to: dl
L
E = Youngs Modulus
1
U = 2 E I 2
M dl [7.19]
0

23
Shear Force, V
dl
Consider a linear elastic V

infinitesimal element of a V
beam of length dl
subjected to a shear force,
V.
G = Shear Modulus

24
Strain Energy from a Shear
Force, V
The shear force causes some
shear stresses, . V
dl
V Q
= I t V [7.20]
I is the the moment of inertia

of the section.
Q is the static area moment of
the part of the section beyond
(above or below) of the level at GI ==Moment
Shear Modulus
of inertia around the principal bending axis.
which the stress is being
calculated.
t is the width of the beam at
this same level.
25
Shear Force, V
V Q dl
= I t V
[7.20]
The corresponding elastic V
shear deformations, are

obtained by Hooke's law.
V Q
= G = G I t G = Shear Modulus [7.21]
G is the shear modulus of

the material
26
Force, V V Q
V Q
= I t
= G = G I t[7.20] [7.21]
dl
V
6
U = 2 fk fk dV
1
[7.8] V
k=1 V

equations for t and g into the
expression, we obtain a general
equation for the strain energy GI ==Moment
Shear Modulus
of inertia around the principal bending axis.
in a bar from a moment V:
1
U = 2 V2 Q2
G I2 t2 dV [7.22]
V

27
Shear Force, V

dl
1 V2 Q2
U = 2 G I2 t2 dV
V [7.22]
V
We can define the volume V
element dV, as follows:

dV = t dy dl = dA dl [7.23]
The strain energy can then G = Shear Modulus

be written as: I = Moment of inertia around the principal bending axis.
L
1
U = 2
V2
G I2 dl
Q2
t2 dA [7.24]
A
0

28
Force, V L
1
U = 2
V2
G I2 dl
Q2
t2 dA V
dl
[7.24]
A
0
We can define a reduced V
(shear) area, Ar, which is a

geometric property of the
section. I2
Ar = [7.25]
Q2
t2 dA G = Shear Modulus
A
The strain energy becomes:
L
1 V2
U = 2 G Ar dl [7.26]
0

29
Shear Area for a Rectangular Cross-section
2
2 th3 t 2h6
I I
2
Ar = 12 [7.25]
Q2 144
h/2
t2 dA h/2
h 2 x t dx
2

A 2
t
Q
dA
1

t h 2 x x
A
2
t 2 h / 2 2 x h/2
2 2
h 2 hx hx x 2
h/2 h/2
Q2 x h
h 2 x dx t
t
A
2
dA t
h / 2
2 4

h / 2
8

4

4
dx
2
2 h/2
h2 x2
h/2 h/2
Q2 4 2 2 4 4 2 3 5
t
h h x x h h x x
dA t dx t dx t x
2 8 2 64 8 4 64 24 20
A h / 2 h / 2 h / 2
Q2 h5 h5 h5
t
A
2
dA t 0.00833 th 5
64 96 320

t 2h6 th 5
Ar th
144 0.00833 th 5 1.2 6
5
Ar A
6
30
Shear Force, V
dl
L
1 V2 V
U = 2 G Ar dl [7.26]
0 V
If the section is prismatic,

the strain energy
simplifies to:
G = Shear Modulus
L
1
U = 2 G A
r
V2 dl [7.27]
0

31
Total Strain Energy
If a linear elastic structure undergoes at the same time
the three types of internal forces (N, V and M), the total
strain energy is the sum of the strain energies caused by
each internal force.
L
2 2
1 M + V N2
U = 2 E I
G A r
+ E A dl

[7.28]
0
For a structure consisting of N members:

L 2 2 2
1
N Mi Vi Ni
U = 2
i=1
E I + G A + E A dl
r
[7.29]
0

32
Total Strain Energy
L 2 2 2
1
N Mi Vi Ni
U = 2
i=1
E I + G A + E A dl
r
0
It is important to note that in practical applications, it is

often sufficient to consider only one component in the above
equation.
For a beam or a frame loaded in bending, the strain energy
due to bending will be much greater than that due to the
shearing and axial forces
In this case, only the term of bending is to be considered.
33
In order to calculate deflections of structures by real
work, we first write the law of conservation of energy.
W = U
The work done by external loads must be equal to the total strain
energy of the structure when subjected to the internal forces
generated by these external loads."
The direct application of this principle of energy

conservation allows the calculation of the deflection at
the point of application of a single external load along
its direction.
34
Example Cantilever y, v(x)
beam under a EI = constant
A B
concentrated load at its Dmax
x
end. L
We ask to calculate the
P
deflection at the point of
M(x)
application of the +
concentrated load. -
-PL

35
beam under a EI = constant
A B
concentrated load at its Dmax
x
end. L
The work done by the
P
external forces is given
M(x)
by: +
-
-PL

36
beam under a concentrated
load at its end. A EI = constant B
x
Considering only the Dmax
contribution from the
bending moment, the strain L
energy is givenL by:
P
1
U = 2 E I 2
M dl
M(x)
[7.19]
0
+
-
-PL
()
37
beam under a concentrated
load at its end. A EI = constant B
x
Dmax
P
M(x)
+
-
which is the well-know -PL

result from solid mechanics.
38
The use of the real work to evaluate deflections is very
limited.
Only the deflection at the point of application of a

single concentrated load can be assessed. The
movement can not be assessed at another point of the
structure. Also, if more than one external load is
applied, it can not directly obtain travel.
In the next section, we will introduce the principle of

virtual work, which is a much more powerful tool for
the calculation of deflections.
39
General Considerations
The principle of virtual work links a system of balance
forces to a system of displacements consistent with the
internal deformations (strains).
Any system of forces or displacements (real or virtual)
can be chosen, hence the name virtual work.
The only two conditions to be respected are:
1. The forces must be in equilibrium.
2. The displacements are consistent with the internal
deformations (strains).

40
Method of Virtual Forces
This aspect of virtual work (another aspect is the method of
virtual displacements) is very powerful for the calculation of
deflections.
Consider a structure subjected to virtual forces F*i generating
virtual stresses *k at each point. The imaginary quantities (or
virtual) will now be assigned an asterisk.
Now suppose that under real external forces Fi, the total real
strains are k and the real displacements at points i where are
applied the forces F*i are ui.
Note that the system of virtual forces F*i is arbitrary but must
be in equilibrium.
41
This aspect of virtual work states that the external virtual

work W* caused by the virtual forces F*i through the real
displacements ui must be equal the virtual strain energy U*
caused by the virtual stresses *k through the real strains k.
W*(F*i, ui) = U* ( k*, k)

42
It is important to note that
the real displacements ui
already exist when the
virtual forces F*i are F* i
applied.
W*
The expression for external
work W* can be written as:
N ui
*
W* = Fi ui [7.35]
i=1

43
Method of Virtual
Forces
Similarly, the real strains
k already exist when the
virtual stresses k are *k
applied. dU/dV
The total strain energy

U* can be written as:
N ek
U* = *k k dV [7.36]
k=1 V

44
Method of Virtual Displacements
Instead of considering a set of virtual forces F*i, it is also
possible to consider virtual strains *k and compatible
displacements u*i at given points i where real forces Fi
are applied.
This second aspect of the principle of virtual work states that the
virtual external work W* caused by the real forces Fi through the
virtual displacements u*i must be equal to the virtual energy, U*
caused by the real stresses k through the virtual strains *k.
W*(Fi, u*i) = U*( k, k*)

45
Method of Virtual Fi
Displacements
W*
In this case, the
expression for W* and U*
are: U*i
N
*
W* = Fi ui k
[7.38]
i=1
dU/dV
N
U* = k *k dV [7.39]
k=1 V
e*k
46
6. Practical Calculations of Deflections by Virtual Work
The Unit Load Method

If we want to calculate the deflection ui at a point i of a
linear elastic structure by the principle of virtual work,
we just need to apply a unit force 1* at this point.
The principle of virtual work can be written as:
N
(1 ) ui =
* 1*
k
k dV [7.40]
or: k=1 V
N
ui = k1* k dV [
k=1 V

47

N
ui = k1* k dV
k=1 V
This equation represents the unit load theorem. To

calculate the deflection at the point of application of the
unit virtual load, it is sufficient to determine the virtual
stresses,1*k by calculating the integral above, where k
represents the real strains field caused by the actual
loading causing the actual deflection.
48
To simplify the procedure, we can express U* as a function of the real
internal forces (Ni, Vi and Mi) and the virtual forces generated by the unit
load (ni, vi and mi).
L
Mi mi Vi vi Ni ni
N
ui =
i=1 0
E I + G A + E A dl
r
Notes:
For a virtual unit load applied for the calculation of deflections:
The virtual moment mi has unit of length (mm; in.).
The virtual forces vi and ni have no unit.
For a virtual unit moment applied for the calculation of rotations:
The virtual moment mi has not unit.
The virtual forces vi and ni have unit of 1/length (mm-1; in.-1.

49
P
Illustrative Example
A B
We want to calculate the C
vertical deflection uc at
L/2 L/2
the point of application
of a force P applied at
mid-span of a simply
supported beam.

50
Illustrative Example P
The shear force and A B

C
bending moment
diagrams are shown. L/2 L/2
P/2
V(x)
-P/2
M(x) PL/4

51
1
To calculate the
A B
displacement at point C, C
a unit virtual load is L/2 L/2
applied at that point.

1/2
The shear force and
v(x)
bending moment
diagrams are shown. -1/2
m(x) L/4

52
P
Illustrative Example A
C
B
The deflection at point

L/2 L/2
L P Px
pour x 2 V(x) = + 2 M(x) = 2
P/2
V(x)
C, uc, can then be written pour
L
x 2
P
V(x) = - 2 M(x) =
P (L-x)
2
as: -P/2
M(x) PL/4
L
M m + V v dx
uc = E I
G Ar 1
0
A B
L
2 C
1 P x x + 1 P 1 dx +
uc =
E I 2 2 G Ar 2 2 [7.45]
L/2 L/2
0 L 1 x
pour x 2 v(x) = + 2
V(x) m(x)
M(x) = 2
1/2
v(x)
L L 1 (L-x)
pour x 2 v(x) = - 2
V(x) m(x) =
M(x)

2
1 P (L-x) (L-x) + 1 - P -1 dx
E I 2 2 G Ar 2 2
L
2 -1/2
m(x) L/4

53
The last equation can be re-written as:

54
The last equation can be re-written as:
with:
The coefficient represents the ratio of the deformation

due to the shear force to that of the bending moment.

55
Illustrative Example 12 E I
= G A L2
r
For a rectangular steel section (b x h), we have:

b h3 5 E
I = 12 ; Ar = 6 b h ; G = 2,5 [7.52
h
therefore:
h
= 3 L2 b [7.
For beams where h/L ~ 0.5, ~ 0.75, the displacement due to

the shear force is 3/4 of it due to the bending moment. It is
thus not negligible.
For normal beams, however, h/L < 0.1 and <0.03, the
displacement due to the shear force is negligible when
compared to that due to the bending moment.
56
To simplify the procedure, we can express U* as a function of the real
internal forces (Ni, Vi and Mi) and the virtual forces generated by the unit
load (ni, vi and mi).
L
Mi mi Vi vi Ni ni
N
ui =
i=1 0
E I + G A + E A dl
r
Notes:
For a virtual unit load applied for the calculation of deflections:
The virtual moment mi has unit of length (mm; in.).
The virtual forces vi and ni have no unit.
For a virtual unit moment applied for the calculation of rotations:
The virtual moment mi has no unit.
The virtual forces vi and ni have unit of 1/length (mm-1; in.-1.

57
Remark
Generally when the bending moment M, the normal
force, N and the shear force, V, are simultaneously
present in a normal beam, only the effect of the bending
moment is important for the calculation of deflections.
L
Mi mi N
ui = E I dl
i=1 0

58
Mohrs Integrals
When using the unit load method to calculate deflections, we often need to
calculate integrals of the following form:
L
M(x) m(x)
F = E I dx [7.55]
0
Furthermore, because structural members are often prismatic (constant inertia),

we simply need to calculate:
L
F = M(x) m(x) dx [7.56]

0
M(x) and m(x) are bending moment diagrams and are usually simple functions
such as constants, straight lines or parabolas, or combinations thereof.
It is therefore sufficient to calculate only once all possible combinations of M(x)
and m(x) and build a table. Otto Mohr (1835-1918) was the first one to develop
such table of Mohrs Integrals.

59
Mohrs Integrals

60
More
complete
Mohrs
Integrals
L
M(x)m(x)dl
0
(L) * Table Values
Second order parabola

61
Example 1
We ask to calculate the vertical deflection at the point D
and the rotation at the point E of the structure shown
below. 5m 5m
+10 kN-m
50 kN-m 10 kN
D -10
B B
C C
/m
5m
E 2 kN
5m EI = 250000 kN-m2
A A
10 kN -10 kN-m
CIE
10 kN323A Structural Analysis
62
75 kN-m
Example+101 kN-m
-10 kN-m -25 kN-m -25 kN-m
D
The bending
B moment D B D
C
diagram
/m
for the real C
loading, M, was obtained E -25 kN-m
in the last Example 1 of -75 kN-m E

2 kN
Part 3.
A A
-10 kN-m 75 kN-m

63
Example 1
We first compute the vertical deflection at point D, DV.
We apply a virtual unit vertical load at point D and find
the virtual bending moment diagram, m.
5m 5m
1
B B C
D D
C
-10 -m -5 -m
5m
E
E
5m
A A
1 -10 -m
64
10 -m Structures by Energy Methods
Example 1
50 kN-m
5m
10 kN
5m
+10 kN-m
-10 kN-m
5m
Real Moments,
-25 kN-m
5m
M
-25 kN-m
1 Virtual Moments, m
D B C
B B D BB D D
Computation of DV.
D
C C C
-10 -m -5 -m
/m C
5m 5m -25 kN-m
E
Member AB: E 2 kN
-75 kN-m
E
E E
5m -25 kN-m -100 kN-m 5m
A A A A
A
75 kN-m 1 -10 -m
10 kN -10 kN-m
10 kN
10 m
75 kN-m 10 -m
10 -m 75 kN-m 10 m 75 kN-m

65
Example 1
50 kN-m
5m
10 kN
5m
+10 kN-m
-10 kN-m
5m
Real Moments,
-25 kN-m
5m
M
-25 kN-m
D B C
B B D BB D D
Computation of DV.
D
C C C
-10 -m -5 -m
/m C
5m 5m -25 kN-m
E
Member BC: E 2 kN
-75 kN-m
E
E E
5m 5m
5m 5m
A A A A
A
75 kN-m 1 -10 -m
10 kN -10 kN-m
10 kN
75 kN-m
5 -m 10 -m
25 kN-m
10 -m 75 kN-m

66
Example 1
50 kN-m
5m
10 kN
5m
+10 kN-m
-10 kN-m
5m
Real Moments,
-25 kN-m
5m
M
-25 kN-m
D B C
B B D BB D D
Computation of DV.
D
C C C
-10 -m -5 -m
/m C
5m 5m -25 kN-m
E
Member CD: E 2 kN
-75 kN-m
E
E E
5m 5m
5m 5m
A A A A
A
75 kN-m 1 -10 -m
10 kN -10 kN-m
10 kN
75 kN-m 10 -m
5 -m -25 kN-m

67
Example 1
Computation of DV.
Summing all members: 5m 5m
+1
50 kN-m 10 kN 15 mm
B D
B
C
/m
5m
E 2 kN
5m
EI = 250000 kN-m2
The negative sign indicates A A
that the deflection at point D 10 kN -10 kN-m
. opposite direction
is in the 10 kN
of the applied virtual unit 75 kN-m
load (i.e. upward).
68
Example 1
To compute the rotation at point E, E, we apply a virtual
unit bending moment at point E and find the virtual
bending moment diagram, m.
5m 5m
1
B B D
D
C C
5m
E
E 1
5m 1
A
A
1
1 CIE 323A Structural Analysis
69
Example 1
50 kN-m
5m
10 kN
5m
+10 kN-m
-10 kN-m
Real Moments, M
-25 kN-m -25 kN-m
1
Virtual Moments, m
B D B D
B D B D
Computation of E.
5m
C
/m
C
C
-25 kN-m
C
Member AB: E 2 kN
-75 kN-m E E
1
5m
-25 kN-m -100 kN-m
A A A A
75 kN-m 1
10 kN -10 kN-m
10 kN
10 m
75 kN-m
1 75 kN-m 1 75 kN-m

70
Example 1
50 kN-m
5m
10 kN
5m
+10 kN-m
-10 kN-m
Real Moments, M
-25 kN-m -25 kN-m
1
Virtual Moments, m
B D B D
B D B D
Computation of E.
5m
C
/m
C
C
-25 kN-m
C
Member BC: E 2 kN
-75 kN-m E E
1
5m
5m 5m
A A A A
75 kN-m 1
10 kN -10 kN-m
10 kN
75 kN-m
-25 kN-m
1 -75 kN-m

71
Example 1
50 kN-m
5m
10 kN
5m
+10 kN-m
-10 kN-m
Real Moments, M
-25 kN-m -25 kN-m
1
Virtual Moments, m
B D B D
B D B D
Computation of E.
5m
C
/m
C
C
-25 kN-m
C
Member CD: E 2 kN
-75 kN-m E E
1
5m
5m 5m
A A A A
75 kN-m 1
10 kN -10 kN-m
10 kN
75 kN-m
1 -25 kN-m

72
Example 1
50 kN-m
5m
10 kN
5m
+10 kN-m
-10 kN-m
Real Moments, M
-25 kN-m -25 kN-m
1
Virtual Moments, m
B D B D
B D B D
Computation of E.
5m
C
/m
C
C
-25 kN-m
C
Member DE: E 2 kN
-75 kN-m E E
1
5m -25 kN-m
A A A A
75 kN-m 1
10 kN -10 kN-m
10 kN
75 kN-m
5m

73
Example 1
Computation of DV.
Summing all members: 5m 5m
+1
50 kN-m 10 kN
B D
B
C
/m
5m
0.04o E 2 kN
5m
EI = 250000 kN-m2
The negative sign indicates A A
that the rotation at point E is 10 kN -10 kN-m
in the. opposite direction of 10 kN
the applied virtual unit 75 kN-m
moment (i.e. clockwise).
74
Example 2
The frame ABCD shown is
simply supported at point D and
is supported by the cable BE.
For the frame ABD:
I = 150 x 106 mm4
A = 200 mm2.
For the cable BE:
A = 500 mm2.
For all members, E = 70 GPa.
Determine the horizontal
deflection at point A.
Consider deflections caused by
bending moments and axial
forces.
75
Example 2
Solution of the real problem
N (kN) M (kN-m ) 50
25

76
Example 2
Calculation of horizontal deflection at point A
Solution of virtual problem
n() m (m)
3
1.75 3
1

77
Example 2
Real problem
3 L
N i ni M i m i
AH
i 1
EA

EI
dl using Mohr' s integrals

0 N (kN) M (kN-m ) 50
Member AB = 0 25
Virtual problem
n() m (m)
3
1.75
3
1 1

78
3 L N n M m
Example 2 AH
i 1
i i
EA
i i dl
EI
0
Real problem
Member BD:
N (kN) M (kN-m ) 50
25
Virtual problem
Axial Forces Bending Moments
n() m (m)
3
1.75
3
1 1

79
3 L N n M m
Example 2 AH
i 1
i i
EA
i i dl
EI
0
Real problem
Member BE:
N (kN) M (kN-m ) 50
25
Axial Forces Virtual problem
n() m (m)
3
1.75
3
1 1

80
Example 2
Real problem
AH = 6.06 mm 1.79 mm N (kN) M (kN-m ) 50
25
AH = 4.27 mm
Virtual problem
n() m (m)
3
1.75
3
1 1

81
7. Further Readings
Hibbelers Textbook:
Sections 9-1 to 9-4; 9.7, 9.8
Leets Textbook:
Sections 10.1 to 10.6
Supplemental Practice Problems:
Problems 9-2, 9-5, 9-6, 9-12

82
Questions/Discussions

83

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PART 8

DEFLECTIONS OF STATICALLY DETERMINATE

CIE 323A Structural Analysis

CIE 323A Structural Analysis

CIE 323A Structural Analysis

If we consider the structure Ffi

as linearly elastic, the

CIE 323A Structural Analysis

The real external work, W

CIE 323A Structural Analysis

A structure can be seen as the

To each stress tensor is

CIE 323A Structural Analysis

In general, there are nine

CIE 323A Structural Analysis

In fact, the nine

CIE 323A Structural Analysis

throughout the volume V

previous equation: dUK/dV

We will now develop more dUK/dV

According to Hooke's law

CIE 323A Structural Analysis

By replacing the previous

CIE 323A Structural Analysis

If the bar is straight axis, has

CIE 323A Structural Analysis

CIE 323A Structural Analysis

I is the moment of inertia of dl

CIE 323A Structural Analysis

CIE 323A Structural Analysis

By replacing the previous

CIE 323A Structural Analysis

For a prismatic section,

CIE 323A Structural Analysis

Consider a linear elastic V

CIE 323A Structural Analysis

I is the the moment of inertia

shear deformations, are

G is the shear modulus of

By replacing the previous

CIE 323A Structural Analysis

We can define the volume V

element dV, as follows:

The strain energy can then G = Shear Modulus

CIE 323A Structural Analysis

We can define a reduced V

(shear) area, Ar, which is a

CIE 323A Structural Analysis

If the section is prismatic,

CIE 323A Structural Analysis

For a structure consisting of N members:

CIE 323A Structural Analysis

It is important to note that in practical applications, it is

The direct application of this principle of energy

CIE 323A Structural Analysis

CIE 323A Structural Analysis

which is the well-know -PL

Only the deflection at the point of application of a

In the next section, we will introduce the principle of

CIE 323A Structural Analysis

This aspect of virtual work states that the external virtual

W*(F*i, ui) = U* ( k*, k)

CIE 323A Structural Analysis

W(Fi, ui) = U* ( k*, k)

W(Fi, ui) = U( k, k)