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FURROW IRRIGATION
OTHER FACTORS
P P R G E - T =
R G E - T = SS
P R G E - T = S
The infiltration rate is the velocity or speed at
which water enters into the soil.
It is usually measured by the depth (mm) of the
water layer that can enter the soil in one hour
Or
c) kostiakov equation: F= (a x t n)
Soil type
vegetation cover
Initial moisture condition
a) Surface flow
b) Stem flow
c) Evapotranspiration
Ii = Si + Ki Et
Where
W-index = index Ia
rainfall Intensity.
rainfall Duration.
Antecedent precipitation.
Orientation of Watershed.
slope of Watershed.
Land Use.
Soil type.
Type of drainage network.
Shape of catchment.
TYPES OF PRECIPITATION:- state of precipitation
as liquid(rainfall), solid(hail) and gasseous(fog).
DURATION OF RAINFALL:-
directly related to the volume of runoff be cause
infiltration rate of soil decreases with duration of
rainfall.
Therefore medium intensity rainfall even results in
considerable amount of runoff if duration is longer.
DIRECTION OF PREVAILING WIND: - If the
direction of prevailing wind is same as drainage
system, it results in peak flow. A storm moving in
the direction of stream slope produce a higher peak
in shorter period of time than a storm moving in
opposite direction.
ANTECEDENT MOISTURE OR SOIL
MOISTURE:- Magnitude of runoff yield depends
upon the initial moisture present in soil at the time of
rainfall. If the rain occurs after a long dry spell then
infiltration rate is more, hence it contributes less
runoff.
SLOPE OF WATERSHED :- It has complex effect. It
controls the time of overland flow and time of
concentration of rainfall. E.g. sloppy watershed
results in greater runoff due to greater runoff
velocity.
ORIENTATION OF WATERSHED :- This affects
the evaporation and transpiration losses from the
area. The north or south orientation, also affects the
time of melting of collected snow.
LAND USE :- More vegetation ,Less runoff.
Less vegetation ,More runoff.
SIZE OF WATERSHED:- A large watershed takes
longer time for draining the runoff to outlet than
smaller watershed.