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FISCAL MEASUREMENT
Mozaffar Etezadifar
Fall 2016
Mozaffar.etezadifar@gmail.com
Energykade.com
Content
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Content
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Chapter 1
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1.1. What is fiscal metering?
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1.2. When do we need fiscal metering?
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1.3. How much value does it make?
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1.4. What can be done using created value?
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Chapter 2
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Fiscal measurement is a general word:
measurement for money
Fiscal measurement includes:
1- Allocation
2- Custody Transfer
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2.1 Allocation
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2.2. Custody Transfer
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2.3. Accuracy vs. Uncertainty and Validation
All meters and metering systems are subject to uncertainty and it is a common
mistake to mix accuracy and uncertainty as they are subtly different.
Accuracy is matching the meter output to a known standard or reference and
will include terms like bias, readability and precision, this can be considered the
best estimate according to the scale of the measurement.
Uncertainty is more related to repeatability and is an estimate of the limits
where the true value is expected to lie for a given confidence level.
Validation, before we can report any data, we should be able to make sure our
obtained data is valid! It takes some equipment, observation, time and money
but it totally worth it, because all these data is useless if they are not valid.
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2.4. Maximum allowed uncertainty
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Chapter 3
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Custody transfer details is formed by:
1. Industry Standards
2. National Metrology Standards
3. Contractual agreement between custody
transfer parties
4. Government regulations and taxation
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3.1. Industry Standards
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3.2. National Metrology Standards
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3.3. Contractual agreement between custody
transfer parties
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3.4. Government regulations and taxation
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Chapter 4
Custody Transfer
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4.1. Why is Custody Transfer growing fast?
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4.2. Where can it happen?
Gas custody transfer flow measurement can take place anywhere
along the process value chain from the wellhead to delivery or
sale location. The dynamics of where these transactions are
actually located can be influenced by a number of factors with the
two primary ones being regulation and commercial arrangement.
However for the lowest uncertainty in measurement, custody
transfer generally takes place at stable, predictable single phase
locations or physical discrete hand-over points (e.g.
platform/production exit location, pipeline entry/exit, terminal
entry etc.).
These locations generally provide the favorable conditions that
flow measurement devices can operate predictably and
repeatability.
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4.3. Custody transfer components:
Its not only about the flow meter, the whole system should
be designed for fiscal metering:
a) Multiple Meters/Meter runs
b) Flow computers and data management system
c) Gas sampler and gas chromatograph
d) Calibration system (Master Meter or prover)
e) Valves, Piping and Flanges
f) Pressure regulator or boosters
g) Transmitters (TT, Pt, )
h) Gas filtration
i) Skid
j) Validating (Operator control, After sales services, Training,
Monitoring system, )
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4.3. Custody transfer components:
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4.4 Single Run and Multi-Run
Single Run
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4.4 Single Run and Multi-Run
Multi-Run
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4.5. Standards and codes:
As mentioned before, there are many codes and standards which should be
considered during establishing and operating a fiscal metering station.
Standards and codes like:
AGA
ISO
IGS, OIML, API and
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4.5 Standards and codes:
4.5.1. AGA
AGAReport No 3: Gas custody metering based on orifice metering.
AGAReport No 7: Gas custody metering using turbine meters.
AGAReport No 9: Gas custody metering using Ultrasonic flowmeters.
AGAReport No11: Gas custody metering using Coriolis mass flowmeters.
AGAReport No 8: Compressibility and Super
Hydrocarbon Gases. Transmission Measurement.
Report No 10: Speed of Sound in Natural Gas and related hydrocarbon gases.
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4.5. Standards and codes:
4.5.2. ISO
ISO 12765: Measurement of Fluid Flow in Closed Conduits Methods using Transit
Time Ultrasonic Flowmeters.
ISO 10723: Natural gas Performance evaluation for Online Analytical Systems.
ISO 5168: Measurement of Fluid Flow: Estimation of Uncertainty of Ultrasonic Flo
wmeters.
ISO 6569: Natural Gas Rapid Analysis by Gas Chromatography.
ISO 6976: Natural Gas Calculation of Calorific Value, Density and Relative Density.
And
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4.5 Standards and codes:
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4.6. Affecting factors on accuracy
Reading and calculation factors Fluid and line factors
Flow computer setting and performance Distance from regulators ad control valves
TT and PT and Flow meter true reading Site headers and sizes
Calibration and its processes TT installation
Prover Meter Installation
Site condition
Fluid turbulence
conditioner
Piping
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4.6.1. Reading and calculation factors
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4.6.1. Reading and calculation factors
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4.6.1. Reading and calculation factors
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4.6.1. Reading and calculation factors
4.6.1.4. prover
On-site provers can help to make sure your whole system is working right. There are
many kinds of one or Bi-deirectional provers. Not all of custody transfer stations
have prover because of extra cost and space they need.
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4.6.2. Fluid and line factors
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4.6.2. Fluid and line factors
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4.6.2. Fluid and line factors
4.6.2.3. TT installation
The location of temperature sensors is critical for maximum accuracy. For gas,
AGA 9 recommends the thermowell be installed between two and five diameters
downstream of the flowmeter in a uni-directional system, and three diameters
from the meter in a bidirectional installation.
Inappropriate TT placing may cause unwanted turbulences which leads to lose of
accuracy.
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4.6.2. Fluid and line factors
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4.6.2. Fluid and line factors
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4.6.2. Fluid and line factors
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4.6.2. Fluid and line factors
4.6.2.7. Conditioner
Conditioners or straighteners are parts that we use when our fluid has high
turbulence and we want to shape its velocity profile as needed to have high
accuracy. These parts have different kinds which may cost our system a little
more but will affect the accuracy in a good way.
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4.6.2. Fluid and line factors
4.6.2.8. Piping
As mentioned in 2 previous items, we need symmetric and non turbulent flow to
have true measurement. So every piping method (horizontal alignment, turns,
sizes and) may affect fluid Reynolds number and of course system accuracy.
Piping method should be as close to standards and recommendations as possible
to avoid this loss of accuracy.
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Chapter 5
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5.1. necessity of a monitoring system and after
sales services
What if you buy an expensive car and give it someone who doesnt know how to
work with gears, and he only uses first gear?
You need to know how to use your product to get maximum out of your
expensive product!
What if you invest a lot on buying an expensive car and you want to use that for
a lifetime and suddenly some part of it breaks down and you cant find any spare
part for it?
If you want to make sure your investment will work a long time for you, you
should be provided with spares and service.
What if its said that your expensive car burns very little amount fuel, but
because its engine isnt adjusted, its burning much more than ordinary cars?
You should keep your product calibrated and adjusted at its best.
And
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5.2. Monitoring system components
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5.2. Monitoring system components
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5.2. Monitoring system components
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5.2. Monitoring system components
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5.3. After Sales Services
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5.3. After Sales Services
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5.3. After Sales Services
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5.3. After Sales Services
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5.3. After Sales Services
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Chapter 6
Conclusion
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Conclusion
Fiscal metering system is your cash register, invest on its
accuracy and validity. Investment on its accuracy and
performance will pay off a lot more in long term.
Fiscal metering system isnt only your flow meter. look at it
as a living system which needs maintenance, training,
backup. All its parts should work together properly to
provide us with good results.
Paying for expensive and accurate metering system without
sticking to training and solution upgrades is waste of money
in midterm.
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THANKS