SUN TRACKING SOLAR PANEL

Introduction
The main objective of this project is to track the sun and
rotate the solar panel accordingly, to receive sunlight to
the fullest extent always during the day time.
This movement is achieved by interfacing a stepper motor
to the solar panel that changes its direction according to
the positioning of the sun.
This is achieved using time reference that controls the
movement time for 12 hours by a program written in such
a way that for every given time the solar panel faces to the
sun to generate maximum power which is stored in
batteries and future use.
 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Definition for :- EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

A combination of hardware and software which together

form a component of a larger machine.

An example of an embedded system is a microprocessor that

controls an automobile engine.

An embedded system is designed to run on its own without

human intervention, and may be required to respond to
events in real time.
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Contents
Introduction
Block diagram
Hardware requirements
Power supply
Microcontroller (at89s52/at89c51)
ULN2003
STEPPER MOTOR
Schematic diagram
Working of the project
Advantages
Applications
Conclusion
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Hardware requirements
TRANSFORMER (230 12 V AC)
VOLTAGE REGULATOR (LM 7805)
MICROCONTROLLER (AT89S52/AT89C51)
PUSH BUTTONS
ULN2003
STEPPER MOTOR
LED
1N4007
RESISTORS
CAPACITORS
Hardware Components description
1. 230 V AC
50 Hz 2. Using In4007 as Bridge rectifier
12V step down
transformer

3. Capacitors Filter(470f) 4. 5v Regulator 5. Relay

6.Push Buttons
 9. RESISTOR

10. LED
11. Capacitor
Power supply
Description of power supply
The circuit uses standard power supply comprising of a step-down
transformer from 230v to 12v and 4 diodes forming a Bridge Rectifier
that delivers pulsating dc which is then filtered by an electrolytic
capacitor of about 470microf to 100microF.
The filtered dc being un regulated IC LM7805 is used to get 5v
constant at its pin no 3 irrespective of input dc varying from 9v to 14v.
The regulated 5volts dc is further filtered by a small electrolytic
capacitor of 10 micro f for any noise so generated by the circuit.
One LED is connected of this 5v point in series with a resistor of
330ohms to the ground i.e. negative voltage to indicate 5v power supply
availability.
 Block diagram of mc
External interrupts
On-chip Timer/Counter
ROM for
Interrup program On-chip Timer 1 Counter
t code RAM Inputs
Control Timer 0

CPU

Bus Serial
4 I/O Ports Port
OSC Control

P0 P1 P2 P3 TxD RxD

Address/Data
false

Microcontroller(AT89S52)
Compatible with MCS-51 Products
8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP)
Flash Memory
Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles
4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
Three-level Program Memory Lock
256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
32 Programmable I/O Lines
Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
Eight Interrupt Sources
Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
Watchdog Timer
Dual Data Pointer
o Fast Programming Time
PIN DIAGRAM OF AT89S52
 Relay driver uln2003
ULN is Relay driver application
The ULN2003 is a monolithic high voltage and
high current Darlington transistor arrays.
It consists of seven NPN Darlington pairs that
features high-voltage outputs with common-
cathode clamp diode for switching inductive
loads.
The collector-current rating of a single Darlington
pair is 500mA.
The Darlington pairs may be paralleled for higher
current capability.
 Contd..

The ULN functions

as an inverter.
If the logic at input
1B is high then the
output at its
corresponding pin
1C will be low.
 MOTOR
STEPPER MOTOR
A stepper motor (or step motor) is a brushless synchronous
electric motor that can divide a full rotation into a large number of
steps.
Stepper motors operate differently from DC brush motors
Stepper motors, on the other hand, effectively have multiple
"toothed" electromagnets arranged around a central gear-shaped
piece of iron.
To make the motor shaft turn, first one electromagnet is given
power, which makes the gear's teeth magnetically attracted to the
electromagnet's teeth.
So when the next electromagnet is turned on and the first is turned
off, the gear rotates slightly to align with the next one, and from
there the process is repeated.
STEPPER MOTOR
 Software requirements
Keil an ARM Company makes C compilers, macro assemblers,
real-time kernels, debuggers, simulators, integrated
environments, evaluation boards, and emulators for
ARM7/ARM9/Cortex-M3, XC16x/C16x/ST10, 251, and 8051
MCU families.
Compilers are programs used to convert a High Level
Language to object code. Desktop compilers produce an
output object code for the underlying microprocessor, but not
for other microprocessors.
 Contd..
i.e., the programs written in one of the HLL like C will compile the
code to run on the system for a particular processor like x86
(underlying microprocessor in the computer).
For example compilers for Dos platform is different from the
Compilers for Unix platform So if one wants to define a compiler
then compiler is a program that translates source code into object
code.