Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Colin R Gardner,
Currently: CSO, Transform Pharmaceuticals Inc
Lexington, MA, 02421
May 21 , 2003
www.transformpharma.com
Creating your own SUPAC
Facts:
Drugs are materials
Pharmaceutical production processes are
a series of unit operations
They are governed by the same chemical and
engineering principles that operate in other
manufacturing processes
For years the Agency has had difficulty developing a regulatory policy,
based on solid pharmaceutical principles for scaling-up solid oral
dosage form batch sizes. The published scientific literature does not
presently provide a sufficiently rich source of data to enable such
regulatory policy formation.
Additionally, the process should be controlled by employment of a validation
protocol which defines the critical parameters and also establishes the
acceptance criteria for the granulation or blend which may include sieve
analysis, flow, density, uniformity, compressibility, moisture content, etc
It has been decades since the chemical engineering discipline made the
transition from a highly descriptive framework of distinct unit
operations and processes to a generalized body of knowledge based on
interlocking fundamentals (transport phenomena, thermodynamics,
kinetics, chemistry).
These fundamentals have been quantitatively developed so as to create
powerful predictive tools that permit us to apply know-how acquired
in one context to any other, as well as to deal with the broadest range
of natural phenomena.
Successful only if
pharmaceutical processes are adequately
developed and
the influence of fundamental process parameters
understood and used to define protocols for scale-
up, technology transfer and raw material,
formulation and process changes
Product development process and milestones
H3C CH3
O O
H
H3C N N
N N N O
H H
CH3 O OH
H3C S S
Case history:
1992 ABT-538 discovered
1996 Launch of semi-solid capsule/polymorph I
1998 Polymorph II appears, <50% solubility
Product pulled from the market
1998 - 1999 Massive effort to reformulate the product
1999 Reformulated softgel capsule launched
High throughput technologies exist, capable of
identifying essentially all potential forms.
IV
Launch in 1996
Launch in 1996
Summer of 1998
Summer of 1998 Morissette et al. PNAS 100, (2003).
TransForm 2002 6 week effort
TransForm 2002 6 week effort
2 g of compound
>2,000 crystallization experiments
32 combinatorialized solvents
Process characterization:
Region where parameter tracking Region where process is robust
identifies drift
water
100
nitrogen
80
60
%
40
20
0
-480 240 shelf temp 960 1680 2400 water
-20
'C
nitrogen
shelf temp
-40 temp probe
Time (mins) temp probe
-60
Granulation end-points
Normalized Power and Slope: 10 L and 65 L Mixers
65 L Pow er
2 0.035 10 L Pow er
1.8 65 L slope
0.03
1.6 10 L slope
1.4 0.025
1.2
NormalizedPower
0.02
Normalized
Slope (/sec)
1
0.8 0.015
0.6 0.01
0.4
0.005
0.2
0 0 Power profiles of 10 and 65
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 liter granulators are similar
Normalized Water
Merck & Co Inc
Normalized Power and Slope: 65 L and 250 L Mixers
2 0.03
250 L Power
1.8 65 L Power
0.025 250 L Slope
1.6
65 L Slope
1.4
0.02
Normalized Power
1.2
Normalized
Slope (/sec)
1 0.015
0.8
0.01
0.6
0.4
0.005
0.2
0 0
Power profiles of 65 and 250
0 0.5 1 liter granulators are similar
Normalized Water
GEM tablet
IMPERMEABLE COATING
LASER DRILLED
APERTURES
CORE TABLET
90.0
80.0
70.0
% Drug Released
60.0
50.0
Control
40.0
- 10% P / -10% N
30.0 - 10% P / +10% N
+ 10% P / +10% N
10.0
0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time (hrs)
100
80
60
% Release at mean hole size
40
6 hours [microns]
435 usec, 380 J/sec 76 (2.0) 512 (13.4)
20 650 usec, 255 J/sec 75 (2.2) 503 (15.1)
825 usec, 201 J/sec 74 (1.1) 510 (9.3)
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Time [hours]
20 holes
90
80 30 holes
70
40 holes
% Drug Release
60
50 holes
50
60 holes
40
70 Holes
30
20 80 Holes
10
88 Holes
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Time (mins)
Merck & Co Inc
Drug release rate increases with number of holes
Rate of increase diminishes as number of holes increase
Effect of Hole Size (80 Holes per Face)
90
80
223
70 microns
326
% Drug Released
60 microns
385
50 microns
432
40 microns
456
30 microns
501
20 microns
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Time (mins)
May 21 , 2003
www.transformpharma.com
Back-up slides
Scaling up a suspension formulation
drug excipients drug excipients
Mixing 30 45
time mins mins
Suspension formulation preparation
and filling
Preparation tank
Pump
Filling tank
Filling points
Site specific stability
Regulators claimed that moving a process from one site
to another not within the same campus could result in
differences in the stability of the product variability was a
consequence of the change of venue
Proposed running stability at the manufacturing site as
proof of technology transfer
Two flaws in the argument:
Stability is not a measure of effective technology
transfer
The observed differences were due to inadequate
process development and poor environmental controls
Effect of Removing Polymer & Neutralizing Agent
100
90 Control
80
70
60
% Drug Released
50
40
Neutralizing Agent Removed
30
20
10 Polymer Removed
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time (hrs)
80
70
60
50 232 mJ/hole
40 166 mJ/hole
132 mJ/hole
30 106 mJ/hole
20 145 mJ/hole
114 mJ/hole
10 95 mJ/hole
0 84 mJ/hole
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Time [hours]