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Motivation & Emotion

Motivation is an important part of sustaining


behavioral change. Change is more
important when a person does it for intrinsic
reasons (because He or She really wants to)
rather than extrinsic reason (to gain
rewards). Implementation intentions are the
specific ways individuals plan to institute
changes successfully.
The evolutionary Perspective
Drive Reduction Theory And Homeostasis

Motivation is through the constructs of Drive and Need.


A Drive is an aroused that occurs because of the Physiological
needs.
A Need is a deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or
reduce the deprivation.
The Goal of drive reduction theory is
homeostasis, the bodys tendency to
maintain equilibrium, or steady state.
Literally hundreds of biological states in our
bodys must be maintained within the
certain range: temperature, blood sugar
level, potassium, and oxygenation, and so
on.
The Search for stimulation
Humanistic Theory
A persons capacity for personal growth,
freedom to choose ones own destiny, and
positive human quality.
Cognitive Perspectives on motivation

Approach to personality emphasizing conscious


awareness, beliefs, expectation, and goals.
Psychologists explore the persons ability to
reason; to think about the past, present, and
future; and to reflect on the self.
For instance:
Maslows approach
Maslow called the humanistic movement the third force in
psychology. Maslow developed the concept the concept of a
hierarchy of needs, with self- actualization being the highest human
need.
Rogers Approach
Each of us has a need for unconditional positive regard. As a result,
the real self if not valued unless it meets the standards of other
people. The self is the core of personality; it includes both the real
and the ideal selves.
Rogers said that we can help others develop a more positive self-
concept by treating them with unconditional positive regard,
empathy, and genuineness. Rogers also stressed that each of us
has the innate inner capacity to become a fully functioning person.
Hunger
Sexuality
Sex hormones and sexual motivation
Sex Hormones are powerful chemicals that are controlled by the master gland in
the brain, the pituitary. These are two main classes of sex hormones are
estrogens and androgens.
Estrogens, the class of sex hormones that predominate in Females, are produced
mainly by the ovaries.
Androgens, the class of sex hormones that predominate in males, are by the
tastes in males and by the adrenal glands in both males and females.
Testosterone is an androgen. Estrogens and androgens can influence sexual
motivation in both sexes.
Sexual motivation is influenced by sexual Script. Stereotyped
patterns of expectancies for how people should behave sexuality.
we carry these script with us in our memories. Two well-known
sexual scripts are the traditional religious script and the romantic
script.
In Religious script
----sex is accepted only within marriage.
In Romantic script
-----sex is equated with love.
Sexual response and Sexual Behavior

Sexual response consists of four phases: Excitement


phase, Plateau phase, Organism phase, and resolution
as identified by; Masters and Johnson.
Excitement phase
The excitement phase begins erotic responsiveness; it lasts from several
minutes to several hours, depending on the nature of play involved.
-Engorgement of blood vessels and increased blood flow in genital
areas and muscle tension characterize the excitement phase.
- The most obvious signs of response in this phase are lubrication of
the vagina and partial erection of the penis.
plateau phase
The second phase of the human sexual response, the plateau
phase, is a continuation and heightening of the arousal begun in
the excitement phase.
the increases in breathing, pulse rate, and blood pressure
that occurred during the excitement phase become more
intense, penile erection and vaginal lubrication are more
complete, and orgasm is closer.
Orgasm phase
The third phase of human sexual response cycle is orgasm.
How long does orgasm last? Some individual sense that time is
standing still when it takes place, but orgasm last for only about
3 to 15 seconds.
Orgasm involves an explosive discharge of neuromuscular
tension and intense pleasurable feeling. However, orgasms are
not all alike.
For example;

Females show three different pattern in the orgasm


phase: multiple orgasms; no orgasm
excitement rapidly leading to orgasm, by passing the
plateau phase(this pattern most clearly corresponds to a
male pattern in intensity and resolution)
Resolution phase
The individual enters the resolution phase, in which blood
vessels return to their normal state. One difference between
males and females in this phase is that females may stimulated
to orgasm again without delay.
Males enter a refractory period, lasting anywhere from a
several minutes to a day, in which they cannot have another
orgasm. The length of the refractory period increase as men
age.
Sexual Behavior
Sexual Behavior
Sexual Behavior
Sexual behaviors that are persistently intrusive, coercive,
developmentally abnormal, or abusive are associated with
numerous situational and familial factors, including sexual
abuse, physical abuse, and neglect. Sexual abuse is a common,
but not exclusive, experience among children with sexual
behavior problems.
Sexual Behavior
Sexual Orientation
Sexual Orientation

a person's sexual identity in relation to the gender to


which they are attracted; the fact of being heterosexual,
homosexual, or bisexual.
Achievements Motivation
Needs for Achievements

Intrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation

Intrinsic motivation is based on (internal) factor such as organism


needs(autonomy, competence, and relatedness), as well as curiosity,
challenge, and effort. When we are intrinsically motivated, we engage in a
behavior because we enjoy it.. ,e.g.. Some students study hard because
they are internally motivated to put forth considerable effort and achieve
high quality in their work.
Extrinsic motivation

Extrinsic motivation involves (external) incentives such as rewards and


punishments. When we are extrinsically motivated, we engage in a
behavior for some external pay-off.. ,e. g.. Other students study hard
because they want to make a good grades or avoid parental disapproval.
Emotion

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