MONERA

Archaebacteria and
Eubacteria

E L I S A B E T I VA N N A W.W. , S P.
Objectives
Know the types of archaebacteria and eubacteria

Distinguish the shape of archaebacteria and eubacteria

Know the role of archaebacteria and eubacteria in human

life
Biologists have long organized
living things into large groups
called kingdoms.
There are six of them:
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Monera
o Do not have nucleus membrane -
prokaryota
o unicellular
o Protoplast/cytoplasm yet undifferentiated
(belum terdiferensiasi)
o Have no mitochondrion and chloroplast
Animal cell vs Monera cell
Archaebacteria classification
Based on metabolism and
habitats:

Methanogen

Extreme halophile

Extreme thermoacidophile
Methanogen
Methanogen are bacteria
that can produce methane
(CH4) .
Methanogen are obligate
anaerobic and
heterotroph. Act as
decomposer.
Live in swampy area or in
animal/human digestion.
Halophile
Greek, halo = salt; phile
= like
Live in extremely salty
environment. Ex : Great
Salt lake, Dead Sea.
Live optimally in 20%
salt concentration or
ten times sea water
concentration.
Thermoacidophile
Thermoacidophile or
thermophile.
Inhabit in extremely hot and
acidic environment.
Optimal growth condition
are 600C -1000C and pH 2-4.
Habitat in high sulfuric acid
environment such as volcanic
craters.
Eubacteria (Bacteria)
Definition

Characteristics

Reproduction

Size and shape

Classification

Cell wall characteristics

Flagellum
Life cycle

Benefit
 Definition
Eubacteria is derived from the word eu means true, and
bacteria which means the bacteria. So, Eubacteria means the
true bacteria that everyday we know as bacteria.
Bacterial body size ranges from 0.5 to 3 microns, in
diameter from 0.1 to 0.2 microns.
Bacteria including prokaryotic organisms, which do not
have nuclear membrane and body celled. The bacteria cell can
secrete mucus into the bacterial cell wall surface.
Characteristics
1) Cell wall composed of peptidoglycan, which is a
combination of protein and polysaccharides.
2) Can secrete mucus into the cell wall surface.
3) Can form endospores (unfavorable
circumstances)
4) Motile (using flagella) and non-motile
Cell Structure
1. Cell structure and Function
a.Nucleoid/Nucleus/Geneti
c material (DNA),
contain chromosomes
located in bacterial
nucleus. Nucleus serves
important in regulating
the processes occurring
within the bacterial cell.
b.Plasmid, a circular DNA
that carry certain genes
that can be inherited.
Plasmids present in the
cytoplasm.
 c. Cytoplasm, composed
of 80% water,
proteins, nucleic
acids, fats,
carbohydrates,
inorganic ions, and
chromatophores
d. Cell wall, to protect
the cells from lyses
conditions, composed
of polysaccharides
and peptidoglycan.

e. Membrane plasma, composed of a layer of phospholipids and

proteins. The plasma membrane serves to regulate the exchange of
substances between the cell and its environment.
 f. Ribosom, composed of DNA
and proteins that function in
protein synthesis. Ribosome
is in the form of fine grains.
g. Mesosom, serves as an
energy producer, the center
of the formation of new cell
wall and cell division..

g. Capsule, is a mucus layer that surrounds the cell wall. Generally found
at pathogenic bacteria. Composed of polysaccharides and water that
serves to help the bacteria attach to a surface or with other bacteria.

h. Flagella/flagellum, composed of protein. Flagellum serves as a means

of motion (motility tool).

i. Pilus, serves as a tool attached to other organisms and as connector

during conjugation
1. COCCUS BACTERIA
a. Monococcus
b. Diplococcus
c. Tetracoccus
d. Streptococcus
e. Sarcina
f. Staphylococcus
Coccus Bacteria
1. Monococcus, single spherical bacteria.
Example: Monococcus gonorrhoeae and
Chlamydia trachomatis.
2. Diplococcus, dobled or coupled spherical
bacteria. Example :Diplococcus
pneumonia and Neisseria gonorrhoeae
3. Tetracoccus, four spherical bacteria
forming a square. Example : Pediococcus
cerevisiae
4. Streptococcus, more than four
spheirical bacteria forming a long chain.
Example : Streptococcus pyogenes.
5. Staphylococcus, more than four
spherical bacteria clustering together
like stack of grapes. Example :
Staphylococcus aureus
6. Sarcina, eight spherical bacteria
forming a cube. Example : Thiosarcina
rosea
2. Bacillus bacteria 3. Spirillum bacteria
a. Monobacillus a. Spiral
b. Diplobacillus b. Spirochaeta
c. Streptoacillus c. Vibrio

A B Spirillium Vibrio
Bacillus Bacteria
1. Monobacillus, single rod-
shaped bacterium. Examples
: Escherichia coli, Salmonella
typhosa , dan Lactobacillus.
2. Diplobacillus, two clustering
rod-shaped bacteria.
Example: Renibacterium
salmoninarum

3. Streptobacillus, several rod-shaped bacteria

that cluster together forming a long chain.
Example : Streptobacillus moniliformis, Bacillus
anthracis, and Azotobacter sp.
c. Spirilium Bacteria
1. Spiral, a wavy-shaped bacteria. Contoh:
Spirillum minor
2. Spirocheta, helically coiled bacteria.
Contoh: Treponema pallidum dan
Spirochaeta pallida
3. Vibrio, coma-shaped baceria.
Contoh: Vibrio comma
1. Gram-positive bacteria, bacteria 1
that have thick peptidoglycan
layers in the cell wall. This
bacteria will appear purple when
stain with Gram stain. Ex:
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
2
2. Gram-negative bacteria, bacteria that
have thin peptidoglycan layers in the cell
wall. This bacteria will appear red when
stain with Gram stain. Ex: Escherichia coli
Monotrichous
(single flagellum)

Lophotrichous (many
flagella in one side)

Amphitrichous (one
or many in both side)

Peritrichous
(distributed
throughout the
surface of the cell)
1. Heterotrophic, consume organic substance
from other organisms.
a) Saprophitic, obtain their food from the
remains of organisms.
b) Parasitic, obtain food from their host.
c) Pathogenic, bacteria that caused disease
to the host.)
 `
2. Autotrophic, are bacteria that able to
produce their own food.
a) Photoautotrophic, those that use
sunlight energy to produce food.
b) Chemoautotrophic, those that use
chemical energy to synthesized food.
Chemical energy is obtained from
oxidation reaction of inorganic
subtances.
1. Asexually 2. Sexually
bacteria reproduce bacteria reproduce
asexually by binary sexually by changing
fission and genetic material
endospores. with other bacteria
in a process called
genetic or DNA
recombination.
Binary fission
Bacteria can reproduce quickly in a favorable environment. A
single eubacteria cell divides into 2 cells, which then divide into
4, 8, 16, and so on. Under optimal conditions, many eubacteria
can divide every 13 hours; some species can produce a new
generation in only 20 minutes.
Binary fission process begins with DNA replication process into
two identical copies of DNA , followed by cytoplasmic division
and eventually formed a dividing wall between the two new cells
Bacteria.
Endospores
Certain bacteria develop resistant cells called endospores when they
lack an essential nutrient. Endospores contains little cytoplasm,
genetic material (DNA) and ribosomes.
Transformation : the
entrance of naked
genetic material (DNA)
and changes the
bacterial characteristic
Conjugation : exchange of genetic material (DNA) by
direct contact between two bacteria cells
through in formation of bridging structure (pili).
Transduction : exchange of
genetic material (DNA) from
one bacterium to other by
using mediator
(bacteriophage)
 BACTERIA AND HUMAN LIFE
Beneficial Bacteria
a. Decomposer bacteria
Saprophyte bacteria, decomposed the remains of organisms.
Example : Escherichia coli
b. Intestinal bacteria
Assist the decaying waste products and produce vitamin
B12, and vitamin K (important in blood clotting process).
Example : Escherichia coli
c. Antibiotic producers
Bacillus brevis, produce tirotrisin
Bacillus subtilis, produce basitrasin
Bacillus polymyxa, produce polymyxin
d. Fermentation bacteria
Produce food and beverages.
Species
Lactobacillus bulgaricus
Streptococcus thermophilus
Pediococcus cereviceae
Lactobacillus sp.
Streptococcus lactis
Streptococcus cremoris
Food or beverages
Yogurt
Yogurt
Sausage
Shrimp paste (terasi) and
pickled fruit
Cheese, kefir and butter
Cheese, kefir and butter
 BACTERIA AND HUMAN LIFE
Detrimental Bacteria
a. Food spoilage
Clostridium botulinum,
produces botulinin toxins, found
in canned foods
Pseudomonas cocovenenans, Pseudomonas cocovenenans
produce bongkreic acid, found
in bongkreic tempe
Leuconostoc mesenteroides,
caused slimy foods.
 BACTERIA AND HUMAN LIFE
Detrimental Bacteria
b. Pathogenic bacteria
Species Human disease Species Disease in animals or
plants
Clostridium tetani Tetanus
Bacillus antraxis Antraks
Mycobacterium leprae Leprosy (kusta)
Actynomyces bovis Jaw swelled in cattle
Diplococcus pneumoniae pneumonia
Brucella sp. Brusellosis in cattle (B.
Pasteurella pestis/Yersinia pestis Plague (pes) abortus), goats (B.
melitensis), pigs (B. suis)
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Gonorrhea
Agrobacterium Stem cancer stem in
Salmonella typhosa typhus tumefaciens coffee plants
Vibrio cholerae Cholera Erwinia tracheiphila Leaves rotten in pumpkin
Shigella dysentriae Dysentery plants
Xanthomonas citri Stem cancer in citrus
Treponema pallidum Syphilis
plants
Mycobacterium tuberculosis TBC
Neisseria meningitis Meningitis
 BACTERIA AND HUMAN LIFE
Overcoming Detrimental Bacteria
a. Food preservation and processing
keep food from being spoiling too early
Food preserved y sweetening, drying, smoking,
acidizing, salting and cooling.
Food processing is done by heating (boiling,
sterilization and pasteurization)
b. Cleanliness and self-health
Clean environment
Personal hygiene
Physical health
c. Immunization
Exercise
1) What is prokaryota organisms?
2) Explain the differences between Archaebacteria and Eubacteria!
3) Explain the characteristics of each group in Archaebacteria! Give 3
species of each group!
4) Explain and describe the function of Eubacteria cell structures!
5) Explain the differences between Gram positive bacteria and Gram
negative bacteria!
6) Draw the bacteria picture that classify based on the flagellum
characteristics.
7) Explain the differences between asexually and sexually reproduction in
Eubacteria!
8) Give 5 species and the role in human life!