The Cities Without Slums initiative is a creative and daring response to urban poverty.

Poverty
reduction and upgrading of informal settlements will not be possible unless cities are productive
and efficient and capable of providing the poor with economic opportunities to build their assets
and incomes. (Nelson Mandela, patron of the Cities Without Slums action plan at its launch in
December 1999)

a slum is defined as : a contiguous settlement where the inhabitants are characterized as

having inadequate housing and basic services. A slum is often not recognized and addressed by
the public authorities as an integral or equal part of the city. It is an area which combines to
various extent the following characteristics:
o insecure residential status;
o inadequate access to safe water;
o inadequate access to sanitation and other infrastructure;
o poor structural quality of housing;
o overcrowding.

Slum upgrading, as stated earlier, is widely seen as the most proactive, pragmatic and effective
way to achieve MDG 7, Target 11 to improve significantly the lives of at least 100 million slum
dwellers by the year 2020. Slum upgrading characteristically involves physical, social,
economic, organizational and environmental improvements to existing slums and informal
settlements.
 Table 3: Components of selected
slum upgrading projects in Latin
America shows the components of
selected slum upgrading projects in
some countries in Latin America.
This is the region of the world where
slum upgrading is perhaps most
advanced. For these actions to be
carried out efficiently and
effectively, an enabling environment
and pro-poor slum upgrading
frameworks are necessary

Slum Upgrading Frameworks :

o Engagement with settlements and
communities
o Engagement with the State and
other institutions
o Mobilization Strategies :
Community mobilization, capacity
building and empowerment
o Financial Strategies and Models :
Strategies for strengthening
community financial assets and
capacity
o National or state level financial
policies and strategies
o Partnerships and Levering
External Financing
o Policy/legal/regulatory
frameworks and reform
o Land acquisition and securing
tenure
 FIGURES AND KEY FACTS
o 1.2 billion people gained access to improved sanitation in urban areas from 1990 to 2012, while those
without sanitation in urban areas has increased by 542 million.
o Between 1990 and 2012, 1.6 billion people gained access to piped drinking water; whereas 720
million urban residents do not have access to a piped water supply.
o Wastewater generation is increasing steadily, while only 2% of the globally collected 165 billion m3 is
recycled. Wetlands could substantially lowering costs of sewage treatment by retaining up to 96% of
the nitrogen and 97% of the phosphorous in wastewater if preserved.
o Cities generate over 2 billion tons of municipal waste; this is predicted to double over the next 15
years.
o Over 75 % of total global energy generated is consumed in cities7; 2.5 billion people rely on biomass
to meet their energy need resulting in deforestation and environmental degradation.
o Around one quarter of the worlds urban population continues to live in informal settlements, lacking
basic services and infrastructure.
o The World Bank projects that, in cities in developing countries, the number of people exposed to
cyclone and earthquake risks will more than double from 2000 to 2050
o Some 60% of the area expected to be urbanized by 2030 has yet to be built11; $57 trillion in global
infrastructure investment will be required between 2013-2030
o $1 trillion annual savings from a viable 60 percent improvement in infrastructure productivity.

The whole life costs of the systems of infrastructure such as water supply, electricity, drainage and
sewerage can be correlated to the pattern of urbanization, with compact cities providing the most cost-
effective solutions to infrastructure investments.
 Goals 6 : Ensure access to water and sanitation for all
o Water scarcity affects more than 40 percent of people around the world, an alarming figure that is projected to
increase with the rise of global temperatures as a consequence of climate change. Although 2.1 billion people
have gained access to improved water sanitation since 1990, dwindling supplies of safe drinking water is a
major problem impacting every continent.
o In 2011, 41 countries experienced water stress; ten of them are close to depleting their supply of renewable
freshwater and must now rely on non-conventional sources. Increasing drought and desertification is already
exacerbating these trends. By 2050, it is projected that at least one in four people are likely to be affected by
recurring water shortages.
o Ensuring universal access to safe and affordable drinking water by 2030 requires we invest in adequate
infrastructure, provide sanitation facilities and encourage hygiene at every level. Protecting and restoring water-
related ecosystems such as forests, mountains, wetlands and rivers is essential if we are to mitigate water
scarcity. More international cooperation is also needed to encourage water efficiency and support treatment
technologies in developing countries.
o Universal access to clean water and sanitation is one of 17 Global Goals that make up the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development. An integrated approach is crucial for progress across the multiple goals.

Goals 7 : ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and moder energy for all
o Between 1990 and 2010, the number of people with access to electricity has increased by 1.7 billion, and as the
global population continues to rise so will the demand for cheap energy. A global economy reliant on fossil fuels
and the increase of greenhouse gas emissions is creating drastic changes to our climate system. This is having a
visible impact on every continent.
o However, there has been a new drive to encourage alternative energy sources, and in 2011 renewable energy
accounted for more than 20 percent of global power generated. Still one in five people lack access to electricity,
and as the demand continues to rise there needs to be a substantial increase in the production of renewable
energy across the world.
o Ensuring universal access to affordable electricity by 2030 means investing in clean energy sources such as
solar, wind and thermal. Adopting cost-effective standards for a wider range of technologies could also reduce
the global electricity consumption by buildings and industry by 14 percent. This means avoiding roughly 1,300
mid-size power plants. Expanding infrastructure and upgrading technology to provide clean energy sources in all
developing countries is a crucial goal that can both encourage growth and help the environment.
o Sustainable energy is one of 17 Global Goals that make up the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. An
integrated approach is crucial for progress across the multiple goals.
 Goals 9 : Build resilient infrastructure, promote sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
o Sustained investment in infrastructure and innovation are crucial drivers of economic growth and development.
With over half the world population now living in cities, mass transport and renewable energy are becoming ever
more important, as are the growth of new industries and information and communication technologies.
o Technological progress is also key to finding lasting solutions to both economic and environmental challenges,
such as providing new jobs and promoting energy efficiency. Promoting sustainable industries, and investing in
scientific research and innovation, are all important ways to facilitate sustainable development.
o More than 4 billion people still do not have access to the Internet, and 90 percent are from the developing world.
Bridging this digital divide is crucial to ensure equal access to information and knowledge, and as a
consequence foster innovation and entrepreneurship.
o Investment in infrastructure and innovation is one of 17 Global Goals that make up the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development. An integrated approach is crucial for progress across the multiple goals.
 Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability.
o Target 10: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water
Indicator 30: Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source, urban
and rural.

During the period of 1990 to 2000, the percentage of the world population with access to improved
water sources rose from 77 per cent to 82 per cent. Although rural areas have seen the greatest
improvements in coverage from 64 per cent to 71 per cent compared with urban areas from 94
per cent to 95 per cent they remain poorly served in terms of access to safe water.The overall
progress seen in the period of 1990 to 2000 shows that the target is attainable if the current rate of
increase is sustained.
o Target 11: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum
dwellers
Indicator 31: Proportion of urban population with access to improved sanitation.

Over the period of 1990 to 2000, access to improved sanitation increased from 51 per cent to 61 per
cent globally. Despite these gains, in 2000 about 2.4 billion people still lacked access. Sanitation
coverage data are not specifically available for urban slum dwellers.

Indicator 32: Proportion of households with secure tenure

Measurement has been held up by lack of an agreed definition for security of tenure. There are many
complex forms of housing tenure, and security can mean different things, ranging from the existence
of national legal rights to subjective assessments of security, through to actual evictions.
 Lack of basic services
Lack of basic services is one of the most frequently mentioned characteristics of slum definitions
worldwide. Lack of access to sanitation facilities and safe water sources is the most important feature,
sometimes supplemented by absence of waste collection systems, electricity supply, surfaced roads and
footpaths, street lighting and rainwater drainage.

Substandard housing or illegal and inadequate building structures

many cities have building standards that set minimum requirements for residential buildings. Slum areas
are associated with a high number of substandard housing structures, often built with non-permanent
materials unsuitable for housing given local conditions of climate and location. Factors contributing to a
structure being considered substandard are, for example, earthen floors, mud-and-wattle walls or straw
roofs. Various space and dwelling placement bylaws may also be extensively violated.

Overcrowding and high density

Overcrowding is associated with a low space per person, high occupancy rates, cohabitation by different
families and a high number of single-room units. Many slum dwelling units are overcrowded, with five and
more persons sharing a one-room unit used for cooking, sleeping and living. Bangkok requires at least 15
dwelling units per rai (1600 square metres).

Unhealthy living conditions and hazardous locations

Unhealthy living conditions are the result of a lack of basic services, with visible, open sewers, lack of
pathways, uncontrolled dumping of waste, polluted environments, etc. Houses may be built on hazardous
locations or land unsuitable for settlement, such as floodplains, in proximity to industrial plants with toxic
emissions or waste disposal sites, and on areas subject to landslip. The layout of the settlement may be
hazardous because of a lack of access ways and high densities of dilapidated structures.
 Insecure tenure; irregular or informal settlements
A number of definitions consider lack of security of tenure as a central characteristic of slums, and regard
lack of any formal document entitling the occupant to occupy the land or structure as prima facie evidence
of illegality and slum occupation. Informal or unplanned settlements are often regarded as synonymous
with slums. Many definitions emphasize both informality of occupation and the noncompliance of
settlements with land-use plans. The main factors contributing to non-compliance are settlements built on
land reserved for non-residential purposes, or which are invasions of non-urban land.

Poverty and social exclusion

Income or capability poverty is considered, with some exceptions, as a central characteristic of slum
areas. It is not seen as an inherent characteristic of slums, but as a cause (and, to a large extent, a
consequence) of slum conditions. Slum conditions are physical and statutory manifestations that create
barriers to human and social development. Furthermore, slums are areas of social exclusion that are often
perceived to have high levels of crime and other measures of social dislocation. In some definitions, such
areas are associated with certain vulnerable groups of population, such as recent immigrants, internally
displaced persons or ethnic minorities.

Minimum settlement size

Many slum definitions also require some minimum settlement size for an area to be considered a slum, so
that the slum constitutes a distinct precinct and is not a single dwelling. Examples are the municipal slum
definition of Kolkata that requires a minimum of 700 square metres to be occupied by huts, or the Indian
census definition, which requires at least 300 people or 60 households living in a settlement cluster.
 VARIABEL BERDASARKAN UN HABITAT :
1. Air bersih
2. Air minum
3. Sanitasi
4. Jaringan Jalan
5. Drainase
6. Persampahan
 Kecamatan Kecamatan
Kecamatan Kebakkramat Kecamatan Jaten Kecamatan Karanganyar Tasikmadu Colomadu

Karangmanis

Karanganyar
Sembungan
Beji Tengah

Ndaleman
Randusari
Beji Kulon
Kaliwuluh

Kaliwuluh

Bodeyan
Manggal

Ngaliyan
Manggis

Gulonan

Sobayan

Bangsan
Derman
Jagatan

Kuncen
Jumok
Banjar

Kemiri

Titang

Kaling
Ledok

Karan

Bolon
Jaten

Pepe
Kidul

Kidul

Pelet
Pule
Jetis
Lor
No Aspek

1 Kondisi Bangunan
Gedung 4 2 2 4 6 6 5 6 5 4 6 6 3 3 4 1 5 4 6 4 4 4 5 4 3 4 4 2 1 2 4 6

2 Kondisi Jalan
Lingkungan 6 6 6 5 5 5 6 4 6 6 5 5 5 2 5 6 3 6 4 3 5 3 2 3 5 5 6 6 3 6 6 5

3 Kondisi Drainase
Lingkungan 3 5 5 3 4 3 4 3 4 5 2 4 2 1 3 4 4 1 3 5 3 2 4 2 2 6 5 5 4 5 3 1

4 Kondisi Penyediaan Air

Minum
5 3 4 6 3 4 3 5 1 1 1 3 6 6 6 2 2 3 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 3 3 1 6 4 2 3

5 Kondisi Pengelolaan Air

Limbah
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 1 4 5 2 3 6 5 1 1 1 5 1 5 1 1 1 4 2 3 5 2

6 Kondisi Pengelolaan
Persampahan
2 4 3 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 2 1 4 1 5 1 2 2 2 2 1 3 1 4 2 2 3 5 1 1 4

7 Kondisi Proteksi
Kebakaran

VARIABEL BERDASARKAN VARIABEL VARIABEL BERDASARKAN KOMPILASI

EMPIRIS KARANGANYAR: BERDASARKAN UN 1. Air limbah (sanitasi) (22%)
1. Air limbah (sanitasi) HABITAT : 2. Air minum (19%)
2. Persampahan 1. Air bersih 3. Persampahan (17%)
3. Air minum 2. Air minum 4. Jaringan jalan (14%)
4. Bangunan gedung 3. Sanitasi 5. Drainase (11%)
(rumah) 4. Jaringan Jalan JUMLAH (83%)
5. Jaringan jalan 5. Drainase 6. Bangunan gedung (8%)
6. Drainase 6. Persampahan 7. RTH (6%)
8. Pemadam kebakaran (3%)
JUMLAH (17%)