Phases of

fertilization

Penetration of Fusion of
Penetration of
corona radiata spermand oocyte
zona pellucida
cell memberanes
 - Only 300-500 reach site of
fertilization from 200-300 million
sperms deposited in the female
genital system.
- Only Capacitated sperm pass
through corona cells.

- Only one of these sperms

fertilizes the egg.

- Other sperms helps the

fertilizing sperm in penetrating
the barriers protecting the female
gamete.
 .Acrosome reaction allows only one sperm to
penetrate the zona so it comes in contact with
the plasma membrane of the oocyte.

.The zona is a glycoprotein shell surrounding

the egg facilating sperm binding and induces
the acrosome reaction.

.This contact results in release of lysosomal

enzymes from cortical granules lining the
plasma membrane of the oocyte.

.In turn, these enzymes induces zona reaction

to prevent other sperm penetration.
 -The initial adhesion carried out by interaction of integrins on
oocyte and their ligands, disintegrins,on sperm.

-After adhesion, the plasma membranes of the sperm and egg

fuse.

-Fusion is formed between the oocyte membrane and the

membrane that covers the posterior region of the sperm head as
the plasma membrane covering the acrosomal head cap(Anterior
region) disappears during the acrosome reaction.

-In the human, both the head and the tail of the sperm enter the
cytoplasm of the oocyte.
.First : zona reaction occurs so, zona
pelucida changes its structure
preventing POLYSPERMY.

.Second : resumption of the second

meiotic division forming :
-2nd polar body.
-Definitive oocyte.
 -The sperm's tail detaches and degenerates.

-Each pronucleus duplicates its DNA so each nucleus has

(23-D-Chromosomes) not ( 23-S-Chromosomes ) If not , each
of the Two-cells zygote will have only 1/2 amount of DNA.

-The two Pronucleii comes close to each other and their

memberanes disappear

-Mitosis occurs so sister chromatids move to oppisite poles

of the cells to start formation of the Two-cells zygote.
 -Restoration of the diploid number of chromosomes(2N)

-Determination of the chromosomal sex of the embryo

either (Male-XY) OR (Female-XY)

-Initiation of cleavage by 1st Mitotic division forming Two-

cells Zygote .