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Fig. 3.2
Fig. 3.3
=
Fig. 3.4
3.2 THE TORSION FORMULA
Fig. 3.5
3.2 THE TORSION FORMULA (cont.)
By similar triangles or Hookes Law and = ,
=
Stress distribution over the cross section in terms of geometry of
the shaft.
Each element of area , located at , is subjected to a force
=
For the entire cross section,
= =
Since is constant,
= 2
3.2 THE TORSION FORMULA (cont.)
3.2 THE TORSION FORMULA (cont.)
3.2 THE TORSION FORMULA (cont.)
3.2 THE TORSION FORMULA (cont.)
If a volume element of material on the cross
section is isolated (Fig. 3.6a), then due to
the complementary property of shear, equal
shear stresses must also act on four of
its adjacent faces.
Beer, 7th ed
3.3 ANGLE OF TWIST
Fig. 3.7a
Important in shaft design is the
computation of allowable amount of
rotation or twist that may occur when the
shaft is subjected to a torque and
reactions analysis on statically
indeterminate shafts.
3.3 ANGLE OF TWIST
General Assumptions:
1. The shaft has a circular cross section that can gradually vary
along its length.
2. Material is homogeneous.
Fig. 3.7
3.3.1 DERIVATION OF THE ANGLE OF TWIST
3.3.1 DERIVATION OF THE ANGLE OF TWIST
3.3.1 DERIVATION OF THE ANGLE OF TWIST (cont.)
Since material is homogeneous, G is constant and,
also, the shafts cross-sectional area and the
applied torque are constant. Hence, = ,
() = and upon integration
=
= angle of twist of one end of the shaft
with respect to the other end,
measured in radians
= internal torque found from the
method of sections and the equation
of moment equilibrium applied about
the shafts axis
= the shafts polar moment of inertia
= the shear modulus of elasticity for the
Fig. 3.7 material
3.3.1 DERIVATION OF THE ANGLE OF TWIST (cont.)
If the shaft is subjected to several different torques, or the
cross-sectional area or shear modulus changes abruptly
from one region of the shaft to the next, = can be applied
to each segment of the shaft, where these quantities are all
constant.
The angle of twist of one end of the shaft with respect to the
other end is then found from the vector addition of the angles
of twist of each segment. Therefore,
=
3.3.2 SIGN CONVENTION
For the internal torque and the angle of twist of one end of the
shaft with respect to the other end.
RIGHT-HAND RULE
Both the torque and angle will be POSITIVE, provided the THUMB
is directed OUTWARD from the shaft when the fingers curl to give
the tendency for rotation.
Fig. 3.8
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
Hibbeler, 2010
SAMPLE PROBLEM 3
The device serves as a compact torsion spring. It is made of A-
36 steel (G = 11.0 x 106 psi) and consists of a solid inner shaft
CB which is surrounded by and attached to a tube AB using a
rigid ring at B. The ring at A can also be assumed rigid and is
fixed from rotating. If the allowable shear stress for the material
is 12 ksi and the angle of twist at C is limited to 3, determine
the maximum torque T that can be applied at the end C.
Hibbeler, 2010
3.4 POWER TRANSMISSION
Shafts and tubes having circular cross
sections are often used to transmit power
developed by a machine.
Hence, they are subjected to torques that
depend on the power generated by the
machine and the angular speed of the
shaft.
= = ; =
= ; = ; = 2
= =
Where:
= Power, watts, ft-lb/s, hp, = rotation
(1 = 550 /) = shafts angular velocity, rad/s
= Work = frequency, rev or cycles/s
= time 1 cycle = 2rad
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4
A motor delivers 275 hp at 1000 rpm to the end of a shaft.
The gears at B and C take out 125 and 150 hp,
respectively. Determine the required diameter d of the shaft
if the allowable shear stress is 7500 psi. (L1 = 6 ft, and L2 =
4 ft.)
3.5 STATICALLY INDETERMINATE TORQUE-LOADED MEMBERS
A torsionally loaded shaft may be classified as statically indeterminate
if the moment equation of equilibrium, applied about the axis of the
shaft, is not adequate to determine the unknown torques acting on the
shaft.
PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS
1. Equilibrium Equations
Draw FBD of the shaft in order to identify all the torques that act on it.
Then write the equations of moment equilibrium about the axis of the
shaft.
2. Compatibility Equations
To write the compatibility equation, investigate the way the shaft will twist
when subjected to the external loads, and give consideration as to how the
supports constrain the shaft when it is twisted.
Express the compatibility condition in terms of the rotational displacements
caused by the reactive torques, and then use a torque-displacement
relation, such as = , to relate the unknown torques to the unknown
displacements.
Solve the equilibrium and compatibility equations for the unknown reactive
torques.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 5
The compound shaft, composed of steel, aluminum,
and bronze segments, carries the two torques shown
in the figure. If TC = 250 lb-ft, determine the
maximum shear stress developed in each material.
The moduli of rigidity for steel, aluminum, and bronze
are 12 x 106 psi, 4 x 106 psi, and 6 x 106 psi,
respectively.
Assumptions:
1.Walls are thin and have a variable thickness, t.
2.Shear stress is uniformly distributed across the
thickness of the tube, hence, average shear stress in
the tube at any given point can be determined.
3.7.1 SHEAR FLOW
3.7.1 SHEAR FLOW (cont.)
3.7.2 AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS (cont.)
3.7.2 AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS (cont.)
can be related to the torque
by considering the torque produced
by the shear stress about a
selected point O within the tubes
boundary (Fig. 5.28e)
= ; =
=
* acts tangent to the centerline of the
tubes wall
= = ( )
1
= 2 ; =
2
= 2
3.7.2 AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS (cont.)
3.7.2 AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS (cont.)
= = =
Where:
= the average shear stress acting over the thickness of the
tube
= the resultant internal torque at the cross section, which is
found using the method of sections and the equations of
equilibrium
= the thickness of the tube where is to be determined
= the mean area enclosed within the boundary of the center
line of the tubes thickness
= angle of twist of a thin-walled tube
L = length of thin-walled tube
=
SAMPLE PROBLEM 8
A torque 50 kipin is applied to the thin-walled tube shown (G
= 11 106 psi). Determine (a) the maximum shearing stress
and (b) the angle of twist per length of tube.
Heavy Springs
.
=
+
Light Springs
.
=
+
3.8 HELICAL SPRINGS (cont.)
3.8 HELICAL SPRINGS (cont.)
Spring constant, : =
= =
Spring constant for springs in SERIES:
= + +
= + +
SAMPLE PROBLEM 9
Two steel springs are arranged in series as
shown. The upper spring has 12 turns of
30-mm-diameter wire on a mean radius of
130 mm. The lower spring consists of 10
turns of 20-mm diameter wire on a mean
radius of 90 mm.
Pytel, 1987
Sample Problem 10
A rigid bar ABCD is pinned at A and
supported by series and parallel
springs (G = 5 x 106 ksi) at B and
C. Find the magnitude of force P
applied at D that will make the rigid
bar horizontal with 12-inch
deflection from D. Also, compute
the shear stresses in the parallel
springs (at C).
-END OF CHAPTER 3-