By Ch.

Jayaramakrishna,
Project Officer, PK.OC
 HAUL ROAD
Introduction:

The roads which are prepared for

plying of heavy earth moving
equipment for carrying of coal and
Overburden in Opencast Mines
are called Haul Roads.
 Design of the Haul Road
To maintain good health of the
equipment, the haul road should be
designed considering the
specification of the equipment like
Width
Height
Weight
Wheel Base.
Type of Braking System.
Steering ability.
Retarded performance.
Speed range on grades etc.,
 Advantages of good Haul Road

A good haul road will result in

numerous advantages like:
Reduced cost of maintenance of
equipment

Reduced breakdown of vehicles and

their better availability

Reduction in fuel consumption

 Cont..

Achieving better safety standards

Improved working environment

and ergonomics for the operators

Increase in tyre life

 Con..

A Good Haul Road will:

Increase in production by 30 %.

Reduced fuel consumption by 30 %.

 Characteristics of Haul Road as
per Mine Statute
Width of Haul Road:

No road shall be of width less than 3 times the width of the largest
dumper plying on the road plus 5 Mts, if the movement is on single
haul road.

Width of 35T Dumpers: 4.4 mtrs

Width of 85T Dumpers: 5.8 mtrs
Width of 100T Dumpers: 6.6 mtrs

Thus the width of the haul road

For 100 T Dumper = 24.8 Mts. ( 6.6 X 3 + 5)
For 85 T Dumper = 22.4 Mts. ( 5.8 X 3 + 5)
For 35 T Dumper = 18.2 Mts. ( 4.4 X 3 + 5)

If the road is provided for single traffic of vehicles with a strong road
divider at the centre, the width shall not be less than two times the
width of the largest dumper plying on the road plus 3 Mts.
 Con..
Gradient:
At any place on the haul road not more than
1 in 16.
In case of small ramps over small stretches, a
gradient upto 1 in 10 may be permitted.

Visibility:
All corners and bends in roads shall have a clear
view of distance not less than three times the
braking distance of the largest HEMM working at
40 KMPH.
 Con..
Embankment and Bund:
Where any road exists above level of
surrounding area, it shall be provided with
strong parapet wall / embankment with the
following dimensions.
Width at top not less than 1 Mt.

Width at bottom not less than 2.5 Mts.

The height of the bund lot less than the diameter of

the tyre of largest vehicle plying on the road.
 Con..

Haul road Lighting:

Required standard of illumination shall be
0.5 to 3.0 Lux (Horizontal).

Traffic Signs:
Traffic Signs may be speed limit signs,
stop signs, curving and intersection
warning signs which shall be provided at
required locations all along the haul roads.
Parameters governing good haul road
Construction of good haul road depends
on good planning and design of haul road.

The parameters that govern in making a

good haul road are
Base Material.
Surface Material.
Site distance.
Gradient.
Haul Road width, road side berms and guard rails.
Traffic rules and signs.
 Con..

Drainage provisions, slope above and below

haul roads.

Haul Road lighting

 SUPER ELEVATION
The amount by which the outer edge of the
road has to be raised is known as super
elevation. It is expressed in Mtr/ Mtr.
Here tan = Centrifugal force / truck weight
= mv2 / r . mg
= v2 /gr
Here, it is noted that angle is independent of the
weight of the truck.
 SUPER ELEVATION
Vehicles negotiating curves are forced radially,
outward by Centrifugal force. Counter acting forces
are the frictions between the tyres and the road
surface, and the vehicle weight component due to
the super elevation.
The basic formula is
R min = V2 min / 127(e+f) where
V min = minimum design speed in KM/H
R min = minimum curve radius in Mtrs
e = rate of super elevation
f = co-efficient of lateral friction.
Forces acting on the truck while moving
The truck moving along the curve is subjected to the following two forces
as shown in the figure Centrifugal Force

Resultant
weight
 Why Super Elevation?
If the road is made level the resultant force will be
inclined at an angle with the vertical and thus the
reaction at inner and outer track will not be the
same.
At certain speed of the truck the reaction at inner
track will become negative leading to toppling of the
truck.
To counter balance this effect and to maintain the
equilibrium of the machine the surface of the
haulage road has to be made perpendicular to the
resultant reaction by raising the outer edge of the
road.
The amount by which the outer edge has to be raised
is known as super elevation.
 Con..
Effect of motion of the truck along a curved
road is skidding away.

This is counter balanced by the frictional

force between the tyres and roads which is
fully effective when the reaction at inner and
outer tracks is equal.

This is restored by proper super elevation.

When the centrifugal force is balanced by the

vehicle weight component, the slide friction
factor would be zero.
 Recommended Max super
elevation at various speeds
Radius of
curves in Speed in Km / hr
Mts
25 40 60
15 0.04 0.04 0.04
30 0.04 0.04 0.05
45 0.04 0.04 0.05
75 0.04 0.05 0.06
 Occurrence of Incidents and
Accidents
With changing scenario and introduction of
higher capacity equipment, the no. of incidents
and accidents has taken place due to
1. Head on collision of dumper on haul road
due to poor clear view.

2. Front and rear collision of dumpers on haul

road

3. Inadvertent movement of steering wheel

along with tyre while maintenance of
dumper where engine is ON
 Con.
4. Due to work person crossing the blind
space in and around.

5. Dumper getting-off haul road due to

inadequate parapet wall /
embankment.

6. During reversal of dumper movement.

 Traffic Rules and Procedures
Introduction:
The following rules are designed for safe
operation of vehicles in and around the
mine. The operators of vehicles shall
observe these rules and any other special
instructions given by the Mine Manager.
The Mine Manager and officials appointed
by him shall ensure that all persons in the
mine comply with these rules.
Rule-1 Procedures:
Authorized persons shall only drive or operate the
vehicles as assigned by the Mine Manager.
A private vehicle shall not be driven in the mine
premises unless authorized by the Mine Manager.
A driver working temporarily shall request and
receive permission to enter the mine premises from
mine Manager prior to driving a vehicle in the mine
premises.

Rule-2 Speed Limits:

Permanent or temporary speed limit set by the
mine Manager for any area of the mine shall be
adhered to.
Where visibility or road conditions are poor, the
driver shall reduce the speed of the vehicle to
maintain effective control.
Rule-3: Right of Way:
All drivers shall give way to emergency vehicles.
Vehicles used for grading, rolling, watering and
repairing of roads shall have right of way over all
vehicles.
Light vehicles shall give way to all HEMM

Rule-4: Parking and Standing:

A driver shall not park vehicle in a position that will
endanger other traffic, or opposite to another vehicle
on a haul road.
Shall not park within 30 Mts of the working area of
mobile equipment.
Shall not park within 30 Mts of swing radius of any
shovel.
While parking shall chock the vehicles if parked on a
slope.
Rule-5: General:

Vehicles shall not be driven over electric cables, air hoses or

water lines unless these are properly protected.

Seat belts shall be provided and shall be worn by operators at

all times while operating the vehicles.

Transport of persons in the vehicles is not allowed.

The drivers shall sound one blast of horn before moving off
from parked position.

No spillage on vehicles during transportation is allowed.

The vehicles shall be correctly illuminated during hours of

darkness.

Shall observe adequate clearance particularly when reversing,

parking, passing other vehicles.
Rule-6: Overtaking:
Overtaking any other Vehicle with caution may be done
provided:

The speed limit is not exceeded.

There is sufficient visibility of the road ahead.
The vehicles are clear of any road intersection or
junction.

Rule-7: Signs:
All Traffic signs are to be obeyed.
Warning signs are to be noted at all times.
Temporary signs shall be removed as soon as
possible after need for them ceases to exist.
Rule-8: Mechanical Condition of vehicles:
The Driver of each heavy vehicle shall make daily examination
of the vehicle for safe operation
Any defect observed in the vehicle as well as damage to the
vehicle shall be reported forthwith to the superiors.

Rule-9: Definitions:
The following vehicles are classified as Heavy vehicles:
Haul trucks
ANFO trucks
Fuel and water trucks
Wheel dozers and Loaders
Buses
The following vehicles are classified as Light vehicles:
Jeeps / Maruthi Gypsy's
Station wagons
 Permission Conditions at OC-II
Section
1. The Height of benches in Overburden ,Coal
shall not be more than the height of the
machine used for digging, Excavation or
removal.

2. As a final operation, the width of the bench

may be reduced to not less than 3 mtrs.