Nondestructive test method

(NDT)

PREPARED BY:
NISAY , JUSTIN ARVIN J.
 Nondestructive Test
NDT is done to see the product quality without
disrupting its surface texture, product integrity, and
future usefulness.
Also known as Nondestructive Examination(NDE) or
Nondestructive Inspection (NDI).
 Significance of NDT
Can lower the repair rates
It prevent accidents and protect human life
Ensure product reliability

Discontinuity
A lack of continuity or cohesion.
An intentional or unintentional interruption in the physical structure
or configuration of a material.
Is defined as an imperfection or interruption in the normal physical
characteristics or structure of an object.( crack, porosity )
What is the difference of Defects
from Discontinuity????
Defect is defined as a flaw or flaws that by nature or
accumulated effect render a part or product unable to meet
the minimum applicable acceptance standards or
specifications ( defects designates rejectability ).
It should be clear that a discontinuity is not necessarily a
defect. Any imperfection that is found by the inspector is
called discontinuity until it can be identified and evaluated as
to the effect it will have on the service of the part or to the
requirements and specifications.
Example of discontinuity :

CRACKS
 Nondestructive Methods
RT Radiographic testing
UT Ultrasonic Testing
MT Magnetic Particle Testing
PT Liquid (DYE) Penetrant Testing
ET Electromagnetic Testing / Eddy Current Testing
NRT Neutron Radiographic Testing
AE Acoustic Emission Testing
LT Leak Testing
IR Thermal/ Infrared Testing
VT Visual Testing
 Liquid (Dye) Penetrant Testing
This method is used to reveal surface discontinuities by bleed out of a
colored or fluorescent dye from the flaw. The technique is based on the
ability of a liquid to be drawn into a "clean" surface discontinuity by capillary
action. After a period of time called the "dwell time", excess surface
penetrant is removed and a developer applied. This acts as a blotter that
draws the penetrant from the discontinuity to reveal its presence.
It can be used to inspect almost any material provided that its surface is not
extremely rough or porous.
 Characterisics of a Penetrant :
spread easily over the surface of the material being inspected to
provide complete and even coverage.
be drawn into surface breaking defects by capillary action.
remain in the defect but remove easily from the surface of the part.
be highly visible or fluoresce brightly to produce easy to see indications.
not be harmful to the material being tested or the inspector.

2 types of Penetrants :
Fluorescent Penetrants: they contain a dye or several dyes that
fluoresce when exposed to ultraviolet radiation.
Visible Penetrants: they contain a red dye that provides high contrast
against the white developer background.
 Developers
The role of the developer is to pull the trapped penetrant material out
of defects and spread it out on the surface of the part so it can be seen
by an inspector. Developers used with visible penetrants create a white
background so there is a greater degree of contrast between the
indication and the surrounding background.
 General Test Procedure:
I. Surface Preparation
II. Penetrant Application
III. Penetrant dwell
IV. Excess penetrant removal
V. Developer Application
VI. Indication Development
VII. Inspection
VIII. Clean surface
 The times vary depending on the application, penetrant materials
used, the material, the form of the material being inspected, and the
type of discontinuity being inspected for. Minimum dwell times
typically range from five to 60 minutes.
 Advantages
Rapid inspection of large areas
and volumes.
Portable (materials are
available in aerosol spray
cans).
Low cost (materials and
associated equipment are
relatively inexpensive).
High sensitivity (small
discontinuities can be
detected).
Disadvantages
Only surface breaking defects
can be detected.
Pre-cleaning is critical since
contaminants can mask defects.
Only materials with a relatively
nonporous surface can be
inspected.
Surface finish and roughness can
affect inspection sensitivity.
Multiple process operations must
be performed and controlled.
 Magnetic Particle Testing
The method uses magnetic fields and small magnetic particles (i.e.iron filings)
to detect flaws in components.
The only requirement from an inspectability standpoint is that the
component being inspected must be made of a ferromagnetic material (a
materials that can be magnetized).
The metal used for the particles has high magnetic permeability and low
retentivity.
Flux Leakage field

S N
 Test Procedure:
I. Surface preparation
II. Applying the magnetizing force
III. Applying dry magnetic particles
IV. Blowing off excess powder
V. Terminating the magnetizing force
VI. Inspection for indications
 Advantages
Minimal surface preparation
(no need for paint removal).
High sensitivity (small
discontinuities can be
detected).
Disadvantages
Only surface and near
surface defects can be
detected.
Only applicable to
ferromagnetic materials.
Relatively small area can be
inspected at a time.