HOW TO WRITE

CHAPTER 2- REVIEW OF
RELATED LITERATURE
CARMEL B. SABADO,CE, M.SC
Guidelines in Citing Related Literature
and Studies

A. Characteristics of the Materials Cited

1. Materials must be recent
2. Must be as objective and unbiased as possible
3. Must be relevant to the study
4. Must not be too few but not too many.
B. Ways of citing Literature and Studies
1. By author or writer- the ideas, facts, or principles,
although they have the same meaning, are explained or
discussed separately and cited in the footnote with
respective authors or writers

Ex. According to Enriquez, praise helps much in the learning,

etc. etc.

Maglaque found out that the praise is an important factor in

learning, etc., etc.
B. Ways of citing Literature and Studies
1. By topic. In this case, if different authors or writers have
the same opinion about the topic, the topic is discussed and
cited under the names of the authors or writers. This is a
summary of their opinions. This is to avoid separate and
long discussions of the same topic.
Ex. It has been found out that praise is an important aid in
the learning of children.1
Footnote: Pedro Enriquez, The dynamic of Teaching and Learning, Manila: Canlaon Publishing Company, Inc. 1981 and
Juan Maglaque, Factors Affecting Childrens Learning in Pagasa District. ( Unpublished Masters Thesis, San Gregorio
College, San Gregorio City, 1984).
B. Ways of citing Literature and Studies
1. Chronological. According to the year they were written.
Materials written earlier should be cited first before those
which were written later. This can be done especially when
citation is by author or writer
C. What to Cite
-only major findings, ideas, generalizations, principles, or
conclusions in related materials relevant to the problem
under investigation should be discussed in this chapter.
-ideas should be:
Summarized
Paraphrased
Synthesized
Quoting a Material
The material may be quoted if the idea conveyed is so
perfectly stated or it is controversial and it is not too long.
Ex. Suppose the following is a quotation. Said Enriquez,
Praise is an important factor in childrens learning.
It encourages them to study their lessons harder. Praise,
however be given appropriately.
Justification of the Study
There is no duplication of other studies. It should be stressed also
that inspite of similar studies, the present study is still necessary to
find out if the studies in other places are also true in the locale of the
present study. There may also be a need to continue with the
present investigation to affirm or negate the findings of other
inquiries about the same research problem or topic so that
generalizations or principles may be formulated.