Public Speaking

KHAIZRAN IFTEKHAR
 Course Outline

Getting Started :Basic tips..

Analyzing the Audience and Occasion
Developing Ideas" Finding and using Supporting
Materials
Structuring the Speech
Marinating the Audience Attention and Involvement
Developing the Speech Outline
 Using Language to communicate
Using Visual Aids in Speeches
Using your body and Voice to communicate
Speeches to inform
Speeches to persuade and Actuate
Argument and Critical Thinking
 Ch 1

Getting Started: Basic Tips for Speech Preparation

and Delivery
 Public Speaking

Public speaking (sometimes termed oratory or

oration) is the process or act of performing a
presentation (a speech) focused around an individual
directly speaking to a live audience in a structured,
deliberate manner in order to inform, influence, or
entertain them.
 Activity

Make a list of some of the occasions that might

require you to speak publicly
during the current or next semester. For example,
does a course you will be taking require an
oral report?
 Getting Started

Steps
1. Selecting the subject
2. Narrowing the Subject
3. Determining the Purpose, including central Ideas and Claims
4. Analyzing the Audience and Occasion
5. Gathering the Speech Material
6. Outlining the Speech
7. Practicing aloud
 1. Selecting the Subject

Select a subject about which you already know

something and can find more
Select a subject that interests you and will interest
your audience
Select a topic appropriate to the occasion
 A topic may interest listeners for one or more
of the following reasons

It concerns their health , happiness, or security.

It offers a solution to a recognized problem.

It is surrounded by controversy or conflict of

opinion.

It provides information on a misunderstood or

little understood issue.
 2. Narrowing the Subject

Narrow the Subject so that you can discuss it

adequately in the time allocated for the Speech
Narrow your Subject to meet the Specific
expectations of your audience
Gauge your Subject to the comprehension level of the
Audience
 Narrowing the Subject

A general subject will be of little value until it is

narrowed down to a manageable size.

Narrowing a subject to more precise speech topic

involves three primary considerations:-
1. Narrow your subject so you can discuss it effectively in
the time allotted for the speech.
2. Narrow your subject to meet the specific expectations
of your audience .
3. Gauge your subject to the comprehension level of the
audience.
 3.Determining the Purposes

General Purposes
Specific Purposes
Central idea or Claim
Title for the Presentation
 DETERMINING OF PURPOSE

Once you know what to talk about, the next task is to consider a
series of why questions :-
Why this topic?
Why audience want to listen?
Why this topic is appropriate to this occasion?
These questions can be answered easily by
considering these four points in sequence:-
Think about the general purposes that people
have in mind when they speak in public.
Consider your own specific purpose for speaking.
Focus on the claim or central idea which you
want to communicate.
Create a title for the presentation that captures
your goals and tells the audience what your
central idea or claim will focus on.
 GENERAL PURPOSES OF SPEECHES

General purposes can be determined by asking your

self these questions:-
Are you trying to tell them something that they
dont know but they should ?
Are you seeking to change how they feel about a
social or political issue ?
 Are you interested in having them do something as
a result of your speech ?
Do you want them laugh and learn at the same time
?

To Inform
To Persuade
To Actuate
To Entertain
To Inform
The general purpose of speech to inform, help listeners to
understand idea, concept or to widen their range of
knowledge.
 To Persuade or To Actuate
The purpose of speech to Persuade or to Actuate is to
influence listeners whether to adopt a new point of view or
to take a course of action.
To influence or alter your listeners beliefs and actions , you
need to present well-ordered arguments that are supported
by facts, figures examples , and expert opinions.

To Entertain
To entertain , amuse , or provide other enjoyment for
listeners is frequently the general purpose of speech.
 Specific Purposes

A specific purpose focuses audience attention on

the particular goal of your presentation.

You may have more than one specific purposes for

a speech ( clearly expressed and hidden one)

Specific purposes may be short term as well as

long term.
 Central Idea and Claims

If you declare statement which summarize your

speech for example :- This institution is taking
specific steps to promote education in Afghanistan
this sentence is called central idea.

This institution should take specific steps to

promote education in Afghanistan is a claim.
 4.Analyzing the Audience and Occasion

The Audiences Knowledge of and Attitude towards

you.
The Audiences Knowledge of and Attitude towards
the topic
Are there Specific rules or Customs that you need to
know and follow
How long will you have to Speak
 Analyzing The Audience & the
Occasion
You need to analyze the people that compose your
audience, their age range , gender , culture ,
background , and fears.

The audience knowledge of and attitude towards

you.

The audience knowledge of and attitude towards

the topic.

Are there specific rules or customs that you need to

know and follow.
 5.Gathering the Speech Material

Assess what information you think is needed in

order to accomplish your objectives.
Reflect on what you already know
Figure out what is relevant to your central idea or
claim
Investigate where additional informational can be
found, if necessary
Obtain the additional information.
 Gathering of the Speech Materials
You need to do these things:-

Assess what information you think is needed in

order to accomplish your objectives.
Reflect on what you already know.
Figure out what is relevant to your central idea
and claim.
Investigate where additional information can be
found , if necessary.
Obtain the additional information.
 6.Outlining the Speech

Arrange your main ideas in clear and systematic

order.
Arrange the sub points under each main idea in a
manner that clearly illustrates their connection to
the main point.
Preserve the unity of your speech by making sure
that each point, whether a main point or a sub point,
is directly related to your specific purpose and
central idea or claim.
 Outlining the Speech
While outlining follow these rules:-

Arrange your main ideas in a clear and systematic

order
Arrange the sub points under each Main idea in a
manner that clearly illustrate their connection to
the main point.
Preserve (maintain) the unity of your speech by
making sure that each point , whether a main
point or a sub point, is directly related to your
specific purpose and central idea or claim
 Practicing Aloud

Practice alone or with friends aloud.

Record your speech then listen and watch it.

Also criticize your own speech by assessment.

 Selecting the Method of Presentation
The most important thing is the selection of
method for presenting your speech. Your choice
should be based on several criteria:

Type of speaking occasion

The seriousness and purpose of your speech

Audience analysis

Your own weaknesses and strengths as a speaker

 The Impromptu Speech

A speech done or said without earlier planning or preparation.

In this method try to focus on a single idea , carefully relating
all significant details to it.
 The Memorized Speech:-

It is written out , word for word , and committed to

memory.
This type of speech is good for drama, speeches in a
Shakespearean play but not suitable for general purposes.
 The Read Speech:-

It is also like the memorized one but in this method, a reader

reads from a manuscript.
For examples President Speech.
 The Extemporaneous Speech:-

Representing a middle course between the memorized, read

and the impromptu speech ,the extemporaneous speech
requires careful planning and a good outline.
For example book writing.
 Communicating Self-Confidence
Many students ready to give their first speech ask:-

How should I deliver my speech?

How can I communicate a sense of self-confidence to an

audience ?
Answer of these questions can be found by:-

A. Be Yourself
B. Look at your listeners
C. Communicate with your body as well as your voice.
 Learning to Evaluate Speeches

The classroom is like a laboratory for studying and

evaluating speech content and delivery.

The evaluation form is designed to help sharpen

your critical listening skills as well as sensitivity to
the fundamentals of the speechmaking process.