Harmonics in Power Systems

and
Electrical Power Quality
Dr. M. El-Habrouk
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Electrical Machines and Power Systems Group,
Faculty of Engineering,

Alexandria University, Egypt

ABCDEFG
HIJKL
What do we mean by
POWER QUALITY
???
 Normal Operating Conditions
Supply
Impedance PCC

Supply +
Current
VPCC Linear
Load
Supply -
Voltage
 What is Power Quality?
Frequency - 50Hz/60Hz
Voltage - magnitude, variation,
flicker, dips, interruptions (short or
long), overvoltage, unbalance

Harmonics - voltage and/or current

Subharmonics
What do we mean by
POWER SYSTEM
DISTURBANCES
???
 Types of Disturbances
Surges

Sags

Noise
Types of Disturbances (Cont.)
Frequency
Variation

Spikes /
Transients

Outages /
Blackouts
 Effects of Disturbances on
Computers
62%

25%
22% 18%
14%

Hardware Hard-disk Short-term Permanent Others

CPU crash memory memory
damage loss loss
What is all this story
about
HARMONICS
???
How are Harmonics Formed?
 Normal Operating Conditions
Supply
Impedance PCC

Supply +
Current
VPCC Linear
Load
Supply -
Voltage
Nonlinear Operating Conditions
Supply
Impedance PCC

Supply +
Current
VPCC Nonlinear
Load
Supply -
Voltage
 Types of Loads
switched-mode
power supplies

variable-speed
supply impedance ac/dc drive
systems

uninterruptible
power supply
systems

inverters &
high-frequency
lighting
 Do
HARMONICS
really exist in
Power Systems
???
Harmonics from Arc Furnaces

Case 1
Harmonics from Arc Furnaces

Case 2
Harmonics from Arc Furnaces

Case 3
Voltage Waveforms in Residential
Areas
Computer Load
Computer Load in Sleep Mode
Phase A
(50Amps)

Phase B
(50Amps)

Phase C
(50Amps)

Neutral
(80Amps)

Harmonics of Computer Load

Examples of THD Caused by
Typical Residential Loads

Washer Fridge/ Personal

Microwave T.V.
Dryer Freezer Computer

26% 14% 27% 121% 140%

Effects of Harmonics
Effects of Harmonics
Did anybody mention
anything about
HARMONICS
before
???
 1920s and 1930s
Waveform distortion caused by static converters
was developed
1950s and 1960s
Study of converter harmonics was advanced in the field of high
voltage direct current transmission
1971
Direct Current Transmission by Kimbark
1985
Power System Harmonics by Arrillaga
1997
Power System Harmonic Analysis
by Arrillaga, Smith, Watson & Wood
 1920s and 1930s
Waveform distortion caused by static converters was developed

1950s and 1960s

Study of converter harmonics was advanced in
the field of high voltage direct current
transmission
1971
Direct Current Transmission by Kimbark
1985
Power System Harmonics by Arrillaga
1997
Power System Harmonic Analysis
by Arrillaga, Smith, Watson & Wood
 1920s and 1930s
Waveform distortion caused by static converters was developed
1950s and 1960s
Study of converter harmonics was advanced in the field of high
voltage direct current transmission

1971
Direct Current Transmission by Kimbark
1985
Power System Harmonics by Arrillaga
1997
Power System Harmonic Analysis
by Arrillaga, Smith, Watson & Wood
 1920s and 1930s
Waveform distortion caused by static converters was developed
1950s and 1960s
Study of converter harmonics was advanced in the field of high
voltage direct current transmission
1971
Direct Current Transmission by Kimbark

1985
Power System Harmonics by Arrillaga
1997
Power System Harmonic Analysis
by Arrillaga, Smith, Watson & Wood
 1920s and 1930s
Waveform distortion caused by static converters was developed
1950s and 1960s
Study of converter harmonics was advanced in the field of high
voltage direct current transmission
1971
Direct Current Transmission by Kimbark
1985
Power System Harmonics by Arrillaga

1997
Power System Harmonic Analysis
by Arrillaga, Smith, Watson & Wood
Phasor Diagram
Definition
of Power
???
 Fictitious Total
Power Power

Deactive
Power

Reactive
Power

Power
Factor Active
Angle Power
 Effects of Harmonics
Transformer saturation
Mains voltage flickering
Incorrect operation of voltage sensitive devices
Malfunction of protective relaying systems
Audible noise in power system components
Electromagnetic interference
Shorter life of organic insulation
 / $$$
Power Quality problems cost
British Industries
200 million/year
according to a Copper Development
Association survey.

Consequential losses of a single

failure on critical systems may
easily EXCEED this value.
 Need for Filters
Eliminate / Reduce harmonics in
voltage & current waveforms
Improve power factor
Reduce harmonic power losses
Combinations of the above
Analogy Between Harmonic Pollution and Air
Pollution Sources
SOURCES AIR POLLUTION HARMONIC
POLLUTION
Gasoline-fuelled TV sets and PCs
vehicles
UNIDENTIFIED
Diesel powered Small electronic
vehicles loads
Chemical Plants Bulk rectifiers
IDENTIFIED Coal/oil steam Cycloconverters
power stations arc-furnaces
 How to Eliminate Harmonics
Preventing harmonic generation for newer
systems
High input power factor regulators
Switching regulators
High pulse number AC/DC converters

For existing sources of harmonics

Installing filters on DC side of rectifier
Installing filters on AC side
 Available Configurations

Shunt configuration Series configuration

Provides a low impedance Provides a high series
path to ground impedance path
Does not necessitate a series Must work in conjunction
filter with a shunt filter
 First attempts :
PASSIVE FILTERS
???
 Passive Filters
Use L - C tuned components
Filter banks tuned for the undesired harmonics

L C
C
 Passive Filters
Converter
AC System

Filters

Uncharacteristic Harmonics
Higher Cost
Bulky
Depend on System impedance
Reliable
 Advantages of Passive Filters
Reliable operation
Easy design procedure
Act as reactive power compensators
Cheap configurations per harmonic
Banks of filters used for other harmonics
 Disadvantages of Passive Filters
Large number of components
Bulky
Depend on system impedance
Tuned for a certain loading condition
Parallel and series resonance may occur for certain
harmonics
Affected by capacitor ageing
 Next Step :
ACTIVE FILTERS
???
 Active Filters

Use active switching components

Only one filter needed to eliminate all
the unwanted harmonics
Used for power factor correction
Basic Idea of Active Filters

1 3 5 7 9 1 3 5 7 9
C. T. Nonlinear
Load
3 5 7 9

+ 1 3 5 7 9
Switching Power Low Pass
Amplifier - Filter

3 5 7 9
Typical Active Filter Circuit

Non-linear
~ Load

Power Circuit Actual Signal

Feedback

PWM Overall System Reference Current

Switching Strategy Controller Generator
General Filter Representation
is
PCC
+
ild

Active
vs
Filter

-
Supply Nonlinear
Load
General Filter Representation
is if Lf
PCC
+ + -
vL
ild

Active
vs
Filter

-
Supply Nonlinear
Load
General Filter Representation
is if Lf
PCC
+ + - +
vL
ild

vs vf Active
Filter

- -
Supply Nonlinear
Load
 Objective Rating Switching Devices Applications
Harmonic IGBT Diode or thyristor
compensation below MOSFETS rectifiers and
with or without 100kVA IGCT cycloconverters for
reactive power SIT,SITH industry
compensation

Flicker 100kVA ~ GTO

compensation 10 MVA Arc furnaces
IGBT

Voltage above Sinkansen (the

GTO Japanese bullet
regulation 10MVA
trains)

Active Filters on Commercial

Basis
Power Circuit
Configurations
???
Typical Active Filter Circuit

Non-linear
~ Load

Actual Current
Power Circuit Feedback

PWM Overall System Reference Current

Switching Strategy Controller Generator
 Inverter Configurations
Nonlinear
~ Nonlinear
Load ~ Load

Current-Fed Inverter Filter Voltage-Fed Inverter Filter

Disadvantages of Inverter Filters
High tracking switching frequency
particularly at the zero crossing
Large reservoir capacitor in pseudo-voltage
source inverters
Difficulties in keeping voltages constant on
dc-link capacitor
Disadvantages of Inverter Filters
High tracking switching frequency
particularly at the zero crossing
Large reservoir capacitor in pseudo-voltage
source inverters
Difficulties in keeping voltages constant on
dc-link capacitor
Disadvantages of Inverter Filters
High tracking switching frequency
particularly at the zero crossing
Large reservoir capacitor in pseudo-voltage
source inverters
Difficulties in keeping voltages constant on
dc-link capacitor
Contributions
Reactive Power Compensation
(Dr. C. C. Marouchos, 1982)

Switched Capacitor AC Side Filters

(Dr. Mohamed K. Darwish, 1987)

Variable Characteristics DC Filters

(Dr. Mostafa K. Darwish, 1988)
Contributions (Cont.)
Lattice Structure Filters
(Dr. Z. D. Koozehkanani, 1996)

Voltage Regulator Configuration

(Dr. M. El-Habrouk, 1998)

Active/Passive Filter Combinations

(Dr. I. Kasikci, 2000)

and others
Switched-Capacitor Techniques

Nonlinear Nonlinear
Load Load

L L

C C C
Lattice Structures Nonlinear
Load
L C

Nonlinear
Load L
L L

C
C
Nonlinear
Load
L
L

C
Voltage Regulator Filter

Non-linear
~ Load
Lf
SA Cdc1
SA1
Closed-loop

SB1 Lch OR
Cf
SB Cdc2 Open-loop
Passive/Active Filter Combination
VSI
Linv LComp PCC LS
iDC
S2 S1
iinv iComp iS
iF ild
RF vld
VDC
vinv vF vS
LF

CDC S3 S4 CF

AC-Passive Filter Non-linear Supply

T-Network Load Voltage

System Controller
(Actual current, Reference current, Switch conditions, PWM
and Hysterisis controller, Supply voltage, Load current)
 as well as many

New Ideas ...

?
It Never Ends
!!!
How Would
Results
Look Like
???
Active Filter with an R-L load

~
Source
Active Highly Inductive
Filter Load
 Active Filter with an R-L load
Supply Supply
Voltage Voltage

Load Filter
Current (a) Current (b)

Supply
Current

Reference (c)
Supply Supply
Current Voltage
Active Filter with an R-C load

~
Source
Active Highly Capacitive
Filter Load
 Active Filter with an R-C load
Supply Supply
Voltage Voltage

Filter
Load
Current
Current (a) (b)

Supply
Current

Reference (c)
Supply Supply
Current Voltage
 Advantages
Lower switching frequency
Smaller sizes of components
Cheaper Solutions
Basis for further improvement
 Advantages
Lower switching frequency
Smaller sizes components
Cheaper Solutions
Basis for further improvement
 Advantages
Lower switching frequency
Smaller sizes of components
Cheaper Solutions
Basis for further improvement
 Advantages
Lower switching frequency
Smaller sizes of components
Cheaper Solutions
Basis for further improvement
 What about
Control Circuits
?
New Ideas for Control:
DSPs
Genetic Algorithms
Adaptive Controllers
Neural Networks
Fuzzy Logic Controllers
and many others
How can one see the
FUTURE
???
 Future Control Strategies for Active
Filters Using Artificial Neural
Networks
Harmonic
~ Generating
Load

Active Filter

&
Reactive Power Controller

Sensory Association Response

Units Units Units
Discussion
 Practical Results
Supply
Voltage

Load
Current
 Disadvantages of Variable
Structure Filters

Depend on Optimisation Techniques

Non-Instantaneous Control
 Disadvantages of Variable
Structure Filters

Depend on Optimisation Techniques

Non-Instantaneous Control
PSPICE Simulation of Inductive
Loading Condition
Load Supply
Current Current

Filter
Filter Current Supply
Voltage Voltage
Can This Really Hapen
Practically
???
 Practical Results
Load
Current

Harmonic
Current
 Practical Results
Capacitor
Voltage

Supply
Voltage
Practical Results
Supply
Current