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Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011
Advanced Distance Relay

Modeling and Testing
New challenges in relay testing
More complex impedance relay characteristic
More complex differential relay characteristic
No more than 8 words per line
Increased number of functions to test
New IEDs require a more accurate simulation
of the electrical phenomena
Author Name Country Session .. Paper ID

Distance relay modeling

Unlike old relays, new impedance characteristics are more
complex
The test engineer must deeply know all relay features
The new Toshiba GRZ100
has a very challenging
impedance characteristic
The relay characteristic is not just a series of lines and arcs

It is the intersection of different comparators
A characteristic like this Is the result of an

intersection
In RIO format, that shape is defined as

LINE 7.212389, 0.7926472, 75
ARC 2.588202, 9.659244, 10, 32.45674, 56.51973
LINE 8.1047, 18, 180
ARC 2.588191, 9.659257, 10, 123.4804, 165
LINE -7.071067, 12.24745, -60
LINE 0, 0, -10
ARC 2.58819, 9.659258, 10, 265, 297.5433
It is evident it is not something that can be

easily done by hand.
The importance of a library...

For this reason, several relay test set
manufacturers offer a library
The purpose is to automatically define that
sequence of arcs and lines which depends
on the extension of the circular
characteristic
And until now, nothing new

New ways to define the characteristics

The characteristic is always defined as a result of
the intersection of different comparator.
The result is a series of line and arcs
And it represents just one single characteristic...
But what if we use two characteristics to

represent one ?
Use the same (almost) method of the relays...

As we already said...
A characteristic like this Is the result of an intersection

of 2 characteristics
This MHO
And this
poligonal
So that we can say, if that is zone 1
Zone 1 = Z1MHO Z1QUAD
So that if the draw two simple char

1. Zone 11: MHO
2. Zone 12: Poligonal
The nominal char can simply been calculated as
Znom = Min (Zquad, Zmho)
The testing software must simply

evaluate 2 impedance values and
take the minimum
In the same way...

A Characteristic like the SEL321 will be union of 2 shapes
+ =
In this case:
Zone 1 = Z1MHO U Z1QUAD
and ...
Znom = Max (Zquad, Zmho)
This is very useful in many cases

... Like in the general fault criteria and the
General fault criteria Load encroachment
Conclusion for part 1

This approach will enhance the productiveness of the
technicians
But it will change the method of exporting the impedance

relay nominal characteristic
formats like the actual RIO would be insufficient
In fact, although it makes possible to define whatever

number of zones, it is not giving information whether a
single zone is the combination of more shapes.
Getting close to a real fault simulation

Modern protective relays implement special algorithms to
enhance the relay operating time in zone 1.
A trip time below 1 cycle is required for EEHA lines.
To work properly, the currents seen by the relay must have
a smooth change from pre-fault to fault
Good simulation Bad simulation

The DC offset
It is not easy to have this simulation at any time
It requires the software or hardware to evaluate this equation at
every transition
Where
I1 = RMS value of the fault current
I0 = instantaneous value of the current just before the fault
= Time constant
t = Time in seconds, fault occurs at t=0
This can be done with Comtrade files ?

It is a strategy to perform a single shot test, but...
A total of
6 channels
With fault duration of 1.2 s
sampled at 1 kHz
2 bytes per sample
Requires a file of 720 kB to be uploaded
With a 10 Mbps or 100 Mbps this can be uploaded very
quickly, therefore it might not be a problem
But what about developing faults ?

A developing fault is a sequence of states where every state
depends on what happened in the previous state
Due to this, a Comtrade has the limitation that the exact

time of transition between states is not certain
The exact time of transition determines the DC offset of the

currents in the following state
The DC offset calculated on the fly

Due to this, the DC offset must be evaluated by the hardware itself
The firmware of the equipment must be able to elaborate, at high
speed, this formula
Since the sampling rate of the genaration must be kept relatively

high, 10 to 20 kHz, for all current involved in the test
Failing to do that, a simulation like the following would

become impossible
A simulation like this Will appear like this

Conclusion for part 2

Nowaday, testing a relay is not simply a
characteristic check
Smarter relays require smarter test
equipments
Smarter test equipment require high
speed dedicated processors
We have answers to all testing problems
may arise in the field.
Thanks very much

for your attention
Mauro Borrielli
Doble engineering company
Client support engineer
Email: mauro.borrielli@doble.no
Web: www.doble.com

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Frankfurt (Germany), 6-9 June 2011

Advanced Distance Relay

Author Name Country Session .. Paper ID

Distance relay modeling

The relay characteristic is not just a series of lines and arcs

A characteristic like this Is the result of an

In RIO format, that shape is defined as

It is evident it is not something that can be

The importance of a library...

And until now, nothing new

New ways to define the characteristics

But what if we use two characteristics to

Use the same (almost) method of the relays...

A characteristic like this Is the result of an intersection

So that if the draw two simple char

The testing software must simply

In the same way...

This is very useful in many cases

Conclusion for part 1

But it will change the method of exporting the impedance

formats like the actual RIO would be insufficient

In fact, although it makes possible to define whatever

Getting close to a real fault simulation

Good simulation Bad simulation

This can be done with Comtrade files ?

But what about developing faults ?

Due to this, a Comtrade has the limitation that the exact

The exact time of transition determines the DC offset of the

The DC offset calculated on the fly

Since the sampling rate of the genaration must be kept relatively

Failing to do that, a simulation like the following would

A simulation like this Will appear like this

Conclusion for part 2

Thanks very much

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