Pipe Networks

Pipeline systems
You are here pipenetworks
measurements
manifolds and diffusers

Pumps
School of Civil and
Monroe L. Weber-Shirk Environmental Engineering
 Pipeline systems:
Pipe networks
Water distribution systems for municipalities
Multiple sources and multiple sinks connected
with an interconnected network of pipes.
Computer solutions!
KYpipes
WaterCAD
CyberNET
EPANET http://www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/wswrd/epanet.html
 Water Distribution System
Assumption
Each point in the a
system can only
have one _______
pressure 1 2
The pressure change
from 1 to 2 by path a
must equal the b
pressure change
from 1 to 2 by path b

p1 V12 p2 V22
z1 z 2 hL
2g 2g
p2 p1 V12 V22
a
z1 a
z 2 hL
2g 2g a
 Water Distribution System
Assumption
V12 V22 V12 V22
a
z1 a
z 2 hL b
z1 b
z 2 hL
2g 2g a
2g 2g b

a
1 2
Pressure change by path a

b
hL hL Or sum of head loss around loop is _____.
zero
a b
(Need a sign convention)
Pipe diameters are constant
Model withdrawals as occurring at nodes so
V is constant
 Pipes in Parallel
Find discharge given pressure at A and B
Q1
______&
energy ____
S-J equation
Qtotal A Q2 B
add flows
Find head loss given the total flow
assume a discharge Q1 through pipe 1
solve for head loss using the assumed discharge
using the calculated head loss to find Q2
assume that the actual flow is divided in the same
_________
proportion as the assumed flow
 Networks of Pipes
A
Mass conservation at
____ __________ all nodes 0.32 m3/s 0.28 m3/s

The relationship between head ?

loss and discharge must be
maintained for each pipe
Darcy-Weisbach equation
Swamee-Jain
_____________
Exponential friction formula a
_____________
Hazen-Williams 1 2

b
 Network Analysis
Find the flows in the loop given the inflows
and outflows.
The pipes are all 25 cm cast iron (e=0.26 mm).

0.32 m3/s A B 0.28 m3/s

100 m

0.10 m3/s C D 0.14 m3/s

200 m
 Network Analysis

Assign a flow to each pipe link

Flow into each junction must equal flow out
of the junction
arbitrary

0.32 m3/s A B 0.28 m3/s

0.32
0.00 0.04
0.10 m3/s C D 0.14 m3/s
0.10
 Network Analysis
h f 34.7m
Calculate the head loss in each pipe 1

h f 0.222m
8 fL 2 2

h f 5 2 Q f=0.02 for Re>200000 h f 3.39m

gD 3

h f = kQ Q Sign convention +CW h f 0.00m

4

8(0.02)(200) k1,k3=339 4

k1 339
(9.8)(0.25) 5 2
k2,k4=169 h fi 31.53m
i1

0.32 m3/s A 1 B 0.28 m3/s

4 2

0.10 m3/s C 3 D 0.14 m3/s

 Network Analysis
The head loss around the loop isnt zero
Need to change the flow around the loop
clockwise flow is too great (head loss is
the ___________
positive)
reduce the clockwise flow to reduce the head loss
Solution techniques
optimizes correction
Hardy Cross loop-balancing (___________ _________)
Use a numeric solver (Solver in Excel) to find a change
in flow that will give zero head loss around the loop
Use Network Analysis software
 Numeric Solver
Set up a spreadsheet as shown below.
the numbers in bold were entered, the other cells are
calculations
initially Q is 0
use solver to set the sum of the head loss to 0 by changing Q
the column Q0+ Q contains the correct flows
Q 0.000
pipe f L D k Q0 Q0+Q hf
P1 0.02 200 0.25 339 0.32 0.320 34.69
P2 0.02 100 0.25 169 0.04 0.040 0.27
P3 0.02 200 0.25 339 -0.1 -0.100 -3.39
P4 0.02 100 0.25 169 0 0.000 0.00
Sum Head Loss 31.575
 Solution to Loop Problem

Q0+ Q
0.218
0.062
0.202
0.102

0.32 m3/s A 1 B 0.28 m3/s

4
0.218 2
0.102 0.062

0.202
0.10 m3/s C 3 D 0.14 m3/s

Better solution is software with a GUI showing the pipe network.

 Pressure Network Analysis
Software: WaterCAD
reservoir
pipe junction

0.32 m3/s A 1 B 0.28 m3/s

4
0.218 2
0.102 0.062

0.202
0.10 m3/s C 3 D 0.14 m3/s
 Network Elements
Controls
Check valve (CV)
Pressure relief valve
Pressure reducing valve (PRV)
Pressure sustaining valve (PSV)
Flow control valve (FCV)
Pumps: need a relationship between flow and head
Reservoirs: infinite source, elevation is not
affected by demand
Tanks: specific geometry, mass conservation
applies
 Check Valve

Valve only allows flow in one direction

The valve automatically closes when flow
begins to reverse

open closed
 Pressure Relief Valve
closed open
pipeline

relief flow

Low pipeline pressure High pipeline pressure

Valve will begin to open when pressure in

the pipeline ________
exceeds a set pressure
(determined by force on the spring).
 Pressure Regulating Valve
sets maximum pressure downstream
closed open

High downstream pressure Low downstream pressure

Valve will begin to open when the pressure

___________ is _________
downstream less than the setpoint
pressure (determined by the force of the spring).
 Pressure Sustaining Valve
sets minimum pressure upstream

closed open

Low upstream pressure High upstream pressure

Valve will begin to open when the pressure
________
upstream is _________
greater than the setpoint pressure
(determined by the force of the spring).
Similar to pressure relief valve
 Flow control valve (FCV)
Limits the ____ ___
flow rate
through the valve to a
specified value, in a
specified direction
Commonly used to limit
the maximum flow to a
value that will not
adversely affect the
providers system
 Pressure Break Tanks

In the developing world small water supplies in

mountainous regions can develop too much
pressure for the PVC pipe.
They dont want to use PRVs because they are too
expensive and are prone to failure.
Pressure break tanks have an inlet, an outlet, and
an overflow.
Is there a better solution?